ARCHIVED – Social Capital and Employment Entry of Recent Immigrants to Canada
9. Appendix A
Variable | Definition |
---|---|
Dependent variable | |
em | 1 if LR was employed at the time of the interview, 0 otherwise |
Independent variables | |
Immigration category | |
Family | 1 if LR is in Family class, 0 otherwise. (Reference category) |
Skilled Workers (PA) | 1 if LR landed as a Skilled Worker principal applicant, 0 otherwise |
Skilled Workers (S&D) | 1 if LR landed as a Skilled Worker spouse and dependant, 0 otherwise |
Refugees | 1 if LR landed as a Refugee, 0 otherwise |
Others | 1 if LR landed in a immigration category other than Family, Skilled Worker (principal applicant and spouse and dependant), and Refugee, which mostly consists of business immigrants in economic class |
Demographic variables | |
Female | 1 if LR is female, 0 otherwise |
Male | 1 if LR is male, 0 otherwise |
Age | Age in years |
Age2 | Age square/100 |
Married | 1 if LR is married or living with a common-law partner, 0 if LR is single, separated or divorced, or widowed |
Number of children | Number of children. |
Number of children in school age | Number of children in 4-14 |
Number of preschool children | Number of young kids (younger than 4) |
Province of residence | |
Atlantic Provinces | 1 if LR is living in Atlantic provinces: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland, 0 otherwise. |
Quebec | 1 if LR is living in Quebec, 0 otherwise. |
Ontario | 1 if LR is living in Ontario, 0 otherwise. (Reference category) |
Manitoba and Saskatchewan | 1 if LR is living in Saskatchewan or Manitoba, 0 otherwise. |
Alberta | 1 if LR is living in Alberta, 0 otherwise. |
BC | 1 if LR is living in British Columbia, 0 otherwise. |
Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) | |
Not in the Big 5 CMAs | 1 if LR is living in an area other than the big 5 CMAs: Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa and Calgary, 0 otherwise. |
Region of birth | |
Asia and Pacific | 1 if region of birth is Asia and Pacific, 0 otherwise. |
North America, UK and Western Europe | 1 if region of birth is North America, UK and Western Europe, 0 otherwise. (Reference category) |
Central and South America | 1 if region of birth is Central America and South America, 0 otherwise. |
Europe except UK and Western Europe | 1 if region of birth is Europe except UK and Western Europe, 0 otherwise. |
Africa and Middle-East | 1 if region of birth is Africa and Middle-East, 0 otherwise. |
Population group | |
White | 1 if LR is white, 0 otherwise. (Reference category) |
Chinese | 1 if LR is Chinese, 0 otherwise. |
South Asian | 1 if LR is South Asian, 0 otherwise. |
Black | 1 if LR is Black, 0 otherwise. |
Filipino | 1 if LR is Filipino, 0 otherwise. |
Latin | 1 if LR is Latin, 0 otherwise. |
West Asian and Arab | 1 if LR is West Asian and Arab, 0 otherwise. |
Other Asian | 1 if LR is other Asian---South East Asian, Korean, Japanese, 0 otherwise. |
Other Visible Minority | 1 if LR is other visible minority---Visible minority n.i.e., Multiple visible minorities, White and visible minority, 0 otherwise. |
Languages | |
Eng | 1 if LR has the knowledge of English (speaking fairly well or better), 0 otherwise (poorly or none). |
Fre | 1 if LR has the knowledge of French (speaking fairly well or better), 0 otherwise (poorly or none). |
Education | |
High school diploma or less | 1 if LR has less than high school education or a high school diploma, 0 otherwise. |
Some post-secondary education | 1 if LR has some post-secondary education, 0 otherwise. |
College diploma or some university | 1 if LR has a college diploma or some university education, 0 otherwise. |
Bachelor's Degree | 1 if LR has a bachelor's degree, 0 otherwise. (Reference category) |
Master's degree or above | 1 if LR has a master's degree or above, 0 otherwise. |
Currently in school | 1 if LR is in school at the time of the interview, 0 otherwise |
Experience | |
Had work experience before landing | 1 if LR had work experience before landing, 0 otherwise |
Number of weeks in Canada after landing | Number of weeks in Canada |
Number of weeks in Canada after landing2 | (Number of weeks in Canada after landing)2/100 |
Had an arranged job upon landing | 1 if LR had an arranged job when landing, 0 otherwise |
Visited Canada before landing | 1 if LR visited relatives or friends in Canada or visited Canada as a tourist before landing, 0 otherwise |
Worked in Canada before landing | 1 if LR worked in Canada before landing, 0 otherwise |
Studied in Canada before landing | 1 if LR studied in Canada before landing, 0 otherwise |
Social capital | |
_Family and relatives | |
Spouse currently employed | 1 if spouse is currently working at the time of the interview, 0 otherwise. |
Number of relatives in Canada | Number of types of relatives (spouse, children, parents, grandparents, brothers or sisters, etc.) in Canada, ranging from 0 to 11. |
Relatives living nearby upon landing | 1 if most of relatives are living in the same city or same province as LR, 0 otherwise. |
Frequency of contact with family sponsors | Frequency of contact with family sponsor (0~1) : 0--- No sponsor or having not seen or talked to sponsors since arriving; Between 0 and 1 --- Seeing or talking to sponsors in varied frequencies; the higher the index is, the more frequently LR contacts with sponsors. 1--- Seeing or talking to sponsors every day. |
_Friends | |
Friends living nearby upon landing | 1 if most of the existing friends are living in the same city or same province as LR, 0 otherwise. |
Number of sources meeting friends | Number of sources meeting new friends other than workplace, ranging from 0 to 14. |
Ethnic diversity of friends | Ethnical diversity of friend network (0~1): 0--- No friends or all friends belong to the same ethnic or cultural groups as LR; Between 0 and 1 --- Some friends belong to the same ethnic or cultural groups as LR; the higher the index is, the more ethnically diversified is the friend network. 1--- None of the friends belong to the same ethnic or cultural groups as LR. |
Cohort diversity of friends | Immigrant diversity of friend network (0~1) (only available in Wave 2): 0--- No friends or all friends are newcomers to Canada; Between 0 and 1 --- Some friends are newcomers; the higher the index is, the relatively less friends are newcomers. 1--- None of the friends are newcomers. |
Frequency of contact with friends | Frequency of contact with friends (0~1) : 0--- No friends or having not seen or talked to friends since arriving; Between 0 and 1 --- Seeing or talking to friends in varied frequencies; the higher the index is, the more frequently LR contacts with friends. 1--- Seeing or talking to friends every day. |
_Group and organizational network | |
Number of organizations participated in | Number of organizations or groups LR participated in. ranging from 0 to 13. |
Ethnic diversity of organizational network | Ethnical diversity of organizational network (0~1): 0--- Not participated in any organization or all the members of all organizations belong to the same ethnic or cultural groups as LR; Between 0 and 1 --- Some members of organizations belong to the same ethnic or cultural groups as LR; the higher the index is, the more ethnically diversified is the organizational network. 1--- None of the members of organizations belong to the same ethnic or cultural groups as LR. |
Frequency of activity with organizations | Frequency of activities with organizations (0~1): 0--- Not participated in any organization; Between 0 and 1 --- Having taken part in organizational activities in varied frequencies; the higher the index is, the more frequently LR takes part in activities. 1--- Having taken part in activities every day. |
Volunteered time for organizations | 1 if LR volunteered time for organizations or groups, 0 otherwise. |
Time effect | |
Wave 2 | 1 if observation is in Wave 2 and 0 otherwise. |
Wave 3 | 1 if observation is in Wave 3 and 0 otherwise. |
Interactions | |
Wave 2 * Ethnic diversity of friends | Time effect in Wave 2 interacts with diversity of friendship |
Wave 3 * Ethnic diversity of friends | Time effect in Wave 3 interacts with diversity of friendship |
SWPA * Ethnic diversity of friends | Skilled worker dummy variable interacts with diversity of friendship |
SWSD * Ethnic diversity of friends | Skilled worker spouse and dependant dummy variable interacts with diversity of friendship |
Refugees * Ethnic diversity of friends | Refugee dummy variable interacts with diversity of friendship |
Others * Ethnic diversity of friends | Other immigration category dummy variable interacts with diversity of friendship |
Chinese * Ethnic diversity of friends | Chinese dummy variable interacts with diversity of friendship |
South Asian * Ethnic diversity of friends | South Asian dummy variable interacts with diversity of friendship |
Black * Ethnic diversity of friends | Black dummy variable interacts with diversity of friendship |
Filipino * Ethnic diversity of friends | Filipino dummy variable interacts with diversity of friendship |
Latin * Ethnic diversity of friends | Latin dummy variable interacts with diversity of friendship |
West Asian and Arab * Ethnic diversity of friends | West Asian and Arab dummy variable interacts with diversity of friendship |
Other Asian * Ethnic diversity of friends | Other Asian dummy variable interacts with diversity of friendship |
Other Visible Minority * Ethnic diversity of friends | Other visible minority dummy variable interacts with diversity of friendship |
High school diploma or less * Ethnic diversity of friends | High school or less dummy variable interacts with diversity of friendship |
Some post-secondary education * Ethnic diversity of friends | Some post-secondary education dummy variable interacts with diversity of friendship |
College diploma or some university * Ethnic diversity of friends | College diploma or some university dummy variable interacts with diversity of friendship |
Master's degree or above * Ethnic diversity of friends | Master's degree dummy variable interacts with diversity of friendship |
English * Ethnic diversity of friends | English ability interacts with diversity of friendship: Eng*frdiv |
French * Ethnic diversity of friends | French ability interacts with diversity of friendship: Fre*frdiv |
1 LR: Longitudinal Respondent.
Source: Longitudinal survey of immigrants to Canada (2005).
Male N=9843 |
Female N=7674 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Weighted Mean | Standard Error | Weighted Mean | Standard Error | |
Employed at the time of the interview | 0.766 | 0.005 | 0.685 | 0.006 |
Family | 0.187 | 0.004 | 0.288 | 0.006 |
Skilled Workers (PA) | 0.574 | 0.005 | 0.212 | 0.005 |
Skilled Workers (S&D) | 0.123 | 0.004 | 0.397 | 0.006 |
Refugees | 0.053 | 0.002 | 0.047 | 0.002 |
Others | 0.062 | 0.003 | 0.055 | 0.003 |
Age | 36.301 | 0.106 | 34.611 | 0.119 |
Age2 | 14.155 | 0.084 | 12.923 | 0.093 |
Married | 0.778 | 0.004 | 0.795 | 0.005 |
Number of children | 1.020 | 0.012 | 1.013 | 0.012 |
Number of children in school age | 0.529 | 0.009 | 0.515 | 0.010 |
Number of preschool children | 0.197 | 0.005 | 0.195 | 0.005 |
Atlantic Provinces | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Quebec | 0.155 | 0.004 | 0.136 | 0.004 |
Ontario | 0.554 | 0.005 | 0.565 | 0.006 |
Manitoba and Saskatchewan | 0.026 | 0.002 | 0.024 | 0.002 |
Alberta | 0.096 | 0.003 | 0.089 | 0.003 |
BC | 0.161 | 0.004 | 0.178 | 0.004 |
Not in the Big 5 CMAs | 0.198 | 0.004 | 0.193 | 0.005 |
Asia and Pacific | 0.593 | 0.005 | 0.615 | 0.006 |
North America, UK and Western Europe | 0.054 | 0.002 | 0.054 | 0.003 |
Central and South America | 0.056 | 0.002 | 0.068 | 0.003 |
Europe except UK and Western Europe | 0.109 | 0.003 | 0.119 | 0.004 |
Africa and Middle-East | 0.188 | 0.004 | 0.144 | 0.004 |
White | 0.204 | 0.004 | 0.212 | 0.005 |
Chinese | 0.194 | 0.004 | 0.222 | 0.005 |
South Asian | 0.271 | 0.005 | 0.253 | 0.005 |
Black | 0.053 | 0.002 | 0.046 | 0.003 |
Filipino | 0.080 | 0.003 | 0.085 | 0.004 |
Latin | 0.022 | 0.002 | 0.032 | 0.002 |
West Asian and Arab | 0.109 | 0.003 | 0.082 | 0.003 |
Other Asian | 0.054 | 0.003 | 0.054 | 0.003 |
Other Visible Minority | 0.012 | 0.001 | 0.014 | 0.002 |
High school diploma or less | 0.191 | 0.004 | 0.240 | 0.005 |
Some post-secondary education | 0.055 | 0.002 | 0.049 | 0.003 |
College diploma or some university | 0.116 | 0.003 | 0.170 | 0.005 |
Bachelor's degree | 0.405 | 0.005 | 0.375 | 0.006 |
Master's degree or above | 0.232 | 0.005 | 0.167 | 0.005 |
Currently in school | 0.140 | 0.004 | 0.146 | 0.004 |
English | 0.904 | 0.003 | 0.847 | 0.004 |
French | 0.166 | 0.004 | 0.155 | 0.004 |
Had work experience before landing | 0.889 | 0.003 | 0.759 | 0.005 |
Number of weeks in Canada after landing | 72.888 | 0.332 | 74.893 | 0.364 |
Number of weeks in Canada after landing2 | 62.429 | 0.419 | 64.830 | 0.459 |
Had an arranged job upon landing | 0.089 | 0.003 | 0.043 | 0.002 |
Visited Canada before landing | 0.171 | 0.004 | 0.168 | 0.005 |
Worked in Canada before landing | 0.041 | 0.002 | 0.023 | 0.002 |
Studied in Canada before landing | 0.041 | 0.002 | 0.040 | 0.002 |
Spouse currently employed | 0.275 | 0.005 | 0.412 | 0.006 |
Number of relatives in Canada | 0.752 | 0.010 | 0.849 | 0.012 |
Relatives living nearby upon landing | 0.464 | 0.005 | 0.537 | 0.006 |
Frequency of contact with family sponsors | 0.201 | 0.004 | 0.296 | 0.006 |
Friends living nearby upon landing | 0.517 | 0.005 | 0.463 | 0.006 |
Number of sources meeting friends | 1.950 | 0.017 | 1.969 | 0.020 |
Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.491 | 0.003 | 0.479 | 0.003 |
Frequency of contact with friends | 0.782 | 0.002 | 0.773 | 0.003 |
Number of organizations participated in | 0.367 | 0.007 | 0.348 | 0.008 |
Ethnic diversity of organizational network | 0.017 | 0.000 | 0.017 | 0.000 |
Frequency of activity with organizations | 0.168 | 0.003 | 0.160 | 0.003 |
Volunteered time for organizations | 0.166 | 0.004 | 0.148 | 0.004 |
Data source: Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (2005).
Sample coverage: Male immigrants who participated in the labour force. | ||||||||||||||
Dependent variable | em (conditional on the participation in the labour force) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Models | ||||||||||||||
Independent variables | Ordinary Logit Models (No individual specific effects) | Panel Models (With individual specific effects) | ||||||||||||
Wave 1 (6 months after landing) | Wave 2 (2 years after landing) | Wave 3 (4 years after landing) | Pooled Logit Model (W1, 2 & 3) | Fixed-effects Logit Model | Random-effects Logit Model | GEE Population-averaged Model | ||||||||
Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std.Err | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | |
Immigration category [Family] | ||||||||||||||
Skilled Workers (PA) | -0.272 | 0.284 | -0.26 | 0.260 | -0.629b | 0.254 | -0.342b | 0.149 | -0.23 | 0.173 | -0.314b | 0.159 | ||
Skilled Workers (S&D) | -0.568b | 0.289 | -0.473a | 0.267 | -0.685c | 0.251 | -0.544c | 0.153 | -0.437b | 0.180 | -0.533c | 0.161 | ||
Refugees | -0.297 | 0.292 | -0.543b | 0.261 | -0.437 | 0.268 | -0.405c | 0.153 | -0.742c | 0.179 | -0.393b | 0.166 | ||
Others | -0.404 | 0.324 | -0.067 | 0.281 | -0.498a | 0.277 | -0.235 | 0.166 | -0.166 | 0.196 | -0.212 | 0.182 | ||
Demographic variables | ||||||||||||||
Age | 0.024 | 0.039 | 0.183c | 0.038 | 0.229c | 0.043 | 0.12c | 0.022 | 0.047 | 0.107 | 0.147c | 0.026 | 0.119c | 0.023 |
Age2 | -0.082a | 0.048 | -0.25c | 0.045 | -0.294c | 0.049 | -0.182c | 0.026 | 0.173 | 0.113 | -0.224c | 0.031 | -0.182c | 0.027 |
Married | -0.028 | 0.161 | -0.123 | 0.166 | 0.192 | 0.185 | 0.038 | 0.096 | -0.512b | 0.224 | -0.058 | 0.112 | 0.019 | 0.098 |
Number of children | 0.03 | 0.097 | 0.082 | 0.098 | 0.12 | 0.094 | 0.105a | 0.054 | 0.59c | 0.171 | 0.146b | 0.060 | 0.11a | 0.057 |
Number of children in school age | -0.052 | 0.111 | -0.159 | 0.105 | -0.26b | 0.111 | -0.171c | 0.060 | -0.54c | 0.160 | -0.227c | 0.067 | -0.18c | 0.063 |
Number of preschool children | -0.042 | 0.147 | 0.01 | 0.144 | -0.038 | 0.150 | -0.052 | 0.081 | -0.502c | 0.191 | -0.146 | 0.092 | -0.058 | 0.086 |
Province of residence [Ontario] | ||||||||||||||
Atlantic Provinces | 0.382 | 0.698 | -0.53 | 0.570 | 1.86b | 0.922 | 0.181 | 0.409 | 0.062 | 0.989 | 0.573 | 0.440 | 0.165 | 0.365 |
Quebec | -0.759c | 0.190 | -0.842c | 0.194 | -0.736c | 0.257 | -0.785c | 0.117 | -1.39b | 0.623 | -0.885c | 0.138 | -0.763c | 0.129 |
Manitoba and Saskatchewan | 0.66a | 0.367 | 0.017 | 0.366 | 0.026 | 0.389 | 0.234 | 0.222 | -0.903 | 0.816 | 0.242 | 0.233 | 0.234 | 0.230 |
Alberta | 0.345b | 0.166 | 0.02 | 0.167 | 0.425b | 0.193 | 0.252b | 0.099 | -0.466 | 0.497 | 0.265b | 0.113 | 0.261b | 0.110 |
BC | -0.339b | 0.138 | -0.207 | 0.140 | -0.171 | 0.154 | -0.205b | 0.080 | 0.183 | 0.408 | -0.264c | 0.095 | -0.189b | 0.088 |
Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) | ||||||||||||||
Not in the Big 5 CMAs | 0.03 | 0.141 | -0.022 | 0.136 | -0.163 | 0.145 | -0.048 | 0.080 | -0.329 | 0.227 | -0.041 | 0.091 | -0.058 | 0.087 |
Region of birth [North America, UK and Western Europe] | ||||||||||||||
Asia and Pacific | 0.516 | 0.360 | -0.608 | 0.409 | -0.426 | 0.468 | -0.23 | 0.234 | -0.294 | 0.274 | -0.228 | 0.272 | ||
Central and South America | 0.181 | 0.394 | 0.069 | 0.460 | 0.166 | 0.513 | 0.062 | 0.257 | 0.039 | 0.289 | 0.079 | 0.283 | ||
Europe except UK and Western Europe | 0.243 | 0.294 | -0.297 | 0.327 | 0.147 | 0.347 | -0.085 | 0.180 | -0.248 | 0.215 | -0.094 | 0.198 | ||
Africa and Middle-East | -0.428 | 0.322 | -0.527 | 0.364 | 0.22 | 0.388 | -0.344a | 0.201 | -0.396a | 0.233 | -0.34 | 0.230 | ||
Population group [White] | ||||||||||||||
Chinese | -1.209c | 0.300 | -0.5 | 0.319 | -0.185 | 0.381 | -0.66c | 0.191 | -0.798c | 0.231 | -0.685c | 0.220 | ||
South Asian | -0.47a | 0.284 | 0.228 | 0.319 | 0.38 | 0.378 | 0.059 | 0.188 | 0.077 | 0.222 | 0.045 | 0.218 | ||
Black | -0.352 | 0.310 | -0.042 | 0.334 | -0.5 | 0.377 | -0.287 | 0.191 | -0.359a | 0.207 | -0.302 | 0.219 | ||
Filipino | 0.011 | 0.352 | 0.748a | 0.397 | 1.000b | 0.455 | 0.6c | 0.230 | 0.598b | 0.270 | 0.596b | 0.259 | ||
Latin | -0.307 | 0.451 | -0.272 | 0.491 | 0.04 | 0.549 | -0.272 | 0.283 | -0.327 | 0.325 | -0.308 | 0.288 | ||
West Asian and Arab | -0.457a | 0.272 | -0.245 | 0.274 | -0.835c | 0.310 | -0.481c | 0.161 | -0.598c | 0.186 | -0.5c | 0.190 | ||
Other Asian | -1.399c | 0.345 | -0.254 | 0.365 | -0.509 | 0.411 | -0.673c | 0.212 | -0.781c | 0.261 | -0.705c | 0.249 | ||
Other Visible Minority | 0.006 | 0.462 | -0.484 | 0.453 | -0.638 | 0.554 | -0.284 | 0.276 | -0.344 | 0.350 | -0.288 | 0.324 | ||
Education [Bachelor's Degree] | ||||||||||||||
High school diploma or less | -0.177 | 0.181 | 0.173 | 0.177 | -0.462b | 0.198 | -0.231b | 0.104 | -0.942 | 0.831 | -0.228a | 0.123 | -0.25b | 0.116 |
Some post-secondary education | 0.045 | 0.252 | 0.194 | 0.248 | 0.487 | 0.316 | 0.144 | 0.149 | -0.893 | 0.858 | 0.181 | 0.169 | 0.122 | 0.159 |
College diploma or some university | -0.039 | 0.164 | 0.112 | 0.171 | -0.268 | 0.183 | -0.058 | 0.096 | -0.409 | 0.587 | -0.175 | 0.118 | -0.058 | 0.105 |
Master's degree or above | -0.032 | 0.128 | -0.079 | 0.133 | -0.262a | 0.157 | -0.091 | 0.077 | 0.35 | 0.507 | -0.07 | 0.095 | -0.085 | 0.087 |
Currently in school | -1.212c | 0.115 | -0.819c | 0.130 | -0.246 | 0.260 | -0.868c | 0.075 | -0.826c | 0.112 | -1.03c | 0.083 | -0.838c | 0.075 |
Sample coverage: Male immigrants who participated in the labour force. | ||||||||||||||
Dependent variable | em (conditional on the participation in the labour force) | |||||||||||||
Models | ||||||||||||||
Independent variables | Ordinary Logit Models (No individual specific effects) | Panel Models (With individual specific effects) | ||||||||||||
Wave 1 (6 months after landing) | Wave 2 (2 years after landing) | Wave 3 (4 years after landing) | Pooled Logit Model (W1, 2 & 3) | Fixed-effects Logit Model | Random-effects Logit Model | GEE Population-averaged Model | ||||||||
Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std.Err | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | |
Language Proficiency | ||||||||||||||
English | -0.1 | 0.154 | 0.315a | 0.173 | 0.554c | 0.190 | 0.186a | 0.096 | 0.111 | 0.172 | 0.207b | 0.105 | 0.174a | 0.098 |
French | -0.164 | 0.193 | -0.126 | 0.204 | -0.013 | 0.260 | -0.102 | 0.118 | -0.726c | 0.257 | -0.13 | 0.133 | -0.137 | 0.127 |
Experience | ||||||||||||||
Had work experience before landing | 0.624c | 0.201 | 0.108 | 0.183 | 0.096 | 0.187 | 0.352c | 0.109 | 0.415c | 0.130 | 0.379c | 0.117 | ||
Number of weeks in Canada after landing | 0.334b | 0.157 | -0.602b | 0.253 | -0.067 | 0.572 | 0.003 | 0.009 | 0.003 | 0.012 | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.008 |
Number of weeks in Canada after landing2 | -0.5a | 0.257 | 0.343b | 0.147 | 0.043 | 0.290 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.011 | 0.01 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.007 |
Had an arranged job upon landing | 2.161c | 0.325 | 0.857c | 0.296 | 1.007c | 0.306 | 1.373c | 0.179 | 1.495c | 0.194 | 1.41c | 0.189 | ||
Visited Canada before landing | 0.168 | 0.167 | 0.017 | 0.162 | 0.492c | 0.185 | 0.186a | 0.095 | 0.179 | 0.115 | 0.178a | 0.106 | ||
Worked in Canada before landing | -0.212 | 0.382 | 0.744 | 0.454 | 0.501 | 0.470 | 0.309 | 0.238 | 0.408 | 0.271 | 0.279 | 0.250 | ||
Studied in Canada before landing | 0.615b | 0.253 | 0.681b | 0.278 | -0.23 | 0.281 | 0.33b | 0.162 | 0.282 | 0.192 | 0.355a | 0.195 | ||
Social networks | ||||||||||||||
_Family and relatives | ||||||||||||||
Spouse currently employed | 0.392c | 0.123 | 0.599c | 0.118 | 0.148 | 0.172 | 0.383c | 0.073 | 0.45c | 0.098 | 0.486c | 0.078 | 0.368c | 0.073 |
Number of relatives in Canada | 0.121 | 0.088 | -0.137a | 0.080 | -0.108 | 0.087 | -0.048 | 0.049 | -1.075c | 0.392 | -0.076 | 0.056 | -0.046 | 0.053 |
Relatives living nearby upon landing | 0.115 | 0.157 | 0.319b | 0.152 | 0.184 | 0.167 | 0.246c | 0.090 | 0.278c | 0.107 | 0.252b | 0.100 | ||
Frequency of contact with family sponsors | 0.222 | 0.239 | 0.174 | 0.220 | -0.224 | 0.215 | 0.16 | 0.125 | 0.594b | 0.249 | 0.389c | 0.142 | 0.203 | 0.129 |
_Friends | ||||||||||||||
Friends living nearby upon landing | 0.183 | 0.112 | 0.049 | 0.107 | 0.125 | 0.117 | 0.119a | 0.063 | 0.168b | 0.075 | 0.123a | 0.070 | ||
Number of sources meeting friends | -0.159c | 0.040 | -0.041 | 0.030 | -0.097b | 0.043 | -0.109c | 0.019 | -0.071b | 0.030 | -0.131c | 0.022 | -0.103c | 0.019 |
Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.84c | 0.213 | -0.337 | 0.255 | -0.537a | 0.274 | 0.291b | 0.121 | 0.275 | 0.172 | 0.283b | 0.126 | 0.283b | 0.124 |
Cohort diversity of friends | 0.743c | 0.232 | 0.865c | 0.245 | ||||||||||
Frequency of contact with friends | 0.155 | 0.200 | 0.097 | 0.210 | -0.344 | 0.401 | 0.235a | 0.130 | 0.206 | 0.198 | 0.298b | 0.143 | 0.251a | 0.129 |
_Groups and organizational network | ||||||||||||||
Number of organizations participated in | 0.189 | 0.229 | -0.18 | 0.185 | -0.209 | 0.200 | -0.083 | 0.115 | -0.076 | 0.172 | -0.056 | 0.123 | -0.077 | 0.115 |
Ethnic diversity of organizational network | 0.19 | 3.557 | 3.673 | 3.016 | -0.512 | 3.285 | 1.685 | 1.825 | 1.324 | 2.860 | 1.766 | 1.996 | 1.549 | 1.812 |
Frequency of activity with organizations | -0.251 | 0.303 | -0.211 | 0.282 | 0.379 | 0.307 | -0.0 85 | 0.164 | -0.284 | 0.238 | -0.207 | 0.177 | -0.111 | 0.167 |
Volunteered time for organizations | -0.086 | 0.206 | -0.087 | 0.191 | 0.404a | 0.221 | 0.086 | 0.113 | 0.353b | 0.162 | 0.177 | 0.120 | 0.122 | 0.112 |
_cons | -4.51a | 2.448 | 24.726b | 10.835 | 0.274 | 28.116 | -1.067b | 0.513 | -1.336b | 0.594 | -1.024a | 0.529 | ||
No. of observations | 2996 | 3360 | 3450 | 9843 | 3880 | 9843 | 9843 | |||||||
No. of groups (for panel models) | 1379 | 3659 | 3659 | |||||||||||
Pseudo R2 | 0.196 | 0.124 | 0.1227 | 0.145 | 0.186 | |||||||||
Percent correctly predicted | 0.753 | 0.789 | 0.789 | 0.584 | 0.780 | 0.790 | ||||||||
Prob > Chi-Square | ||||||||||||||
Joint test for network size = 0 | 0.0006 | 0.1157 | 0.0311 | 0.0000 | 0.0041 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |||||||
Joint test for network diversity = 0, if applicable | 0.0004 | 0.0074 | 0.0051 | 0.0262 | 0.2399 | 0.0403 | 0.0447 | |||||||
Joint test for network density = 0 | 0.5319 | 0.7052 | 0.3831 | 0.1579 | 0.0454 | 0.0050 | 0.0823 |
a p<0.1; b p<0.05; c p<0.01.
Reference categories are in brackets.
Data source: Longitudinal survey of immigrants to Canada (2005).
Sample coverage: Female immigrants who participated in the labour force. | ||||||||||||||
Dependent variable | em (conditional on the participation in the labour force) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Models | ||||||||||||||
Independent variables | Ordinary Logit Models (No individual specific effects) | Panel Models (With individual specific effects) | ||||||||||||
Wave1 (6 months after landing) | Wave2 (2 years after landing) | Wave3 (4 years after landing) | Pooled Logit Model (W1, 2 & 3) | Fixed-effects Logit Model | Random-effects Logit Model | GEE Population-averaged Model | ||||||||
Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std.Err | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | |
Immigration category [family] | ||||||||||||||
Skilled Workers (PA) | 0.314 | 0.318 | 0.335 | 0.250 | 0.363 | 0.253 | 0.345b | 0.147 | 0.384b | 0.166 | 0.356b | 0.154 | ||
Skilled Workers (S&D) | 0.189 | 0.289 | 0.078 | 0.222 | -0.073 | 0.210 | 0.096 | 0.129 | 0.078 | 0.143 | 0.11 | 0.136 | ||
Refugees | -0.089 | 0.325 | 0.059 | 0.256 | -0.511b | 0.232 | -0.198 | 0.151 | -0.357b | 0.163 | -0.194 | 0.162 | ||
Others | -0.003 | 0.352 | -0.12 | 0.282 | -0.215 | 0.267 | -0.086 | 0.165 | -0.106 | 0.184 | -0.086 | 0.169 | ||
Demographic variables | ||||||||||||||
Age | 0.014 | 0.044 | 0.073a | 0.039 | 0.045 | 0.044 | 0.05b | 0.023 | 0.178 | 0.111 | 0.059b | 0.024 | 0.051b | 0.024 |
Age2 | -0.044 | 0.057 | -0.113b | 0.048 | -0.092a | 0.052 | -0.091c | 0.029 | -0.112 | 0.125 | -0.109c | 0.029 | -0.092c | 0.030 |
Married | -0.349a | 0.187 | -0.075 | 0.181 | 0.295 | 0.183 | -0.01 | 0.102 | -0.578b | 0.257 | -0.061 | 0.108 | -0.016 | 0.104 |
Number of children | -0.039 | 0.112 | -0.008 | 0.089 | 0.096 | 0.085 | 0.038 | 0.052 | -0.021 | 0.174 | 0.022 | 0.056 | 0.037 | 0.055 |
Number of children in school age | 0.022 | 0.123 | -0.105 | 0.102 | -0.273c | 0.098 | -0.134b | 0.059 | -0.482c | 0.161 | -0.146b | 0.064 | -0.142b | 0.061 |
Number of preschool children | -0.609c | 0.180 | -0.965c | 0.136 | -0.848c | 0.130 | -0.827c | 0.080 | -1.063c | 0.188 | -0.903c | 0.088 | -0.832c | 0.083 |
Province of residence [Ontario] | ||||||||||||||
Atlantic Provinces | -0.081 | 0.614 | -0.395 | 0.652 | -0.95a | 0.533 | -0.535 | 0.349 | -0.561 | 0.875 | -0.411 | 0.348 | -0.554 | 0.353 |
Quebec | -0.279 | 0.202 | -0.488b | 0.220 | -0.391 | 0.239 | -0.406c | 0.121 | -0.737 | 0.554 | -0.43c | 0.136 | -0.415c | 0.131 |
Manitoba and Saskatchewan | 0.299 | 0.390 | 0.477 | 0.367 | 0.241 | 0.403 | 0.386a | 0.222 | -0.184 | 0.782 | 0.407a | 0.231 | 0.375 | 0.241 |
Alberta | 0.544c | 0.182 | -0.036 | 0.151 | 0.318a | 0.183 | 0.244b | 0.096 | -0.747 | 0.510 | 0.328c | 0.108 | 0.244b | 0.100 |
BC | -0.089 | 0.147 | -0.069 | 0.133 | 0.034 | 0.139 | -0.046 | 0.079 | -1.085a | 0.564 | -0.096 | 0.088 | -0.047 | 0.083 |
Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) | ||||||||||||||
Not in the Big 5 CMAs | -0.001 | 0.150 | -0.168 | 0.132 | 0.135 | 0.142 | -0.022 | 0.079 | -0.307 | 0.258 | 0.004 | 0.087 | -0.022 | 0.083 |
Region of birth [North America, UK and Western Europe] | ||||||||||||||
Asia and Pacific | -0.274 | 0.408 | -0.841a | 0.429 | -0.7 | 0.479 | -0.599b | 0.244 | -0.692c | 0.266 | -0.596b | 0.271 | ||
Central and South America | -0.469 | 0.407 | -0.793a | 0.445 | -0.209 | 0.486 | -0.576b | 0.244 | -0.665b | 0.279 | -0.57b | 0.256 | ||
Europe except UK and Western Europe | -0.39 | 0.307 | -0.418 | 0.338 | -0.526 | 0.375 | -0.449b | 0.183 | -0.566c | 0.204 | -0.458b | 0.201 | ||
Africa and Middle-East | -0.888b | 0.362 | -1.006c | 0.387 | -0.78a | 0.414 | -0.904c | 0.213 | -1.019c | 0.232 | -0.911c | 0.235 | ||
Population group [White] | ||||||||||||||
Chinese | 0.054 | 0.346 | -0.004 | 0.328 | -0.146 | 0.346 | -0.106 | 0.196 | -0.157 | 0.222 | -0.113 | 0.215 | ||
South Asian | -0.035 | 0.337 | 0.244 | 0.326 | 0.046 | 0.343 | 0.093 | 0.193 | 0.057 | 0.217 | 0.083 | 0.212 | ||
Black | 0.146 | 0.339 | 0.512 | 0.336 | 0.62a | 0.345 | 0.423b | 0.193 | 0.505b | 0.214 | 0.429b | 0.211 | ||
Filipino | 0.695a | 0.385 | 1.149c | 0.378 | 1.12c | 0.427 | 0.973c | 0.225 | 1.005c | 0.254 | 0.967c | 0.249 | ||
Latin | 0.523 | 0.444 | 0.09 | 0.404 | -0.174 | 0.464 | 0.192 | 0.244 | 0.157 | 0.285 | 0.194 | 0.260 | ||
West Asian and Arab | -0.114 | 0.335 | -0.058 | 0.296 | -0.026 | 0.302 | -0.044 | 0.174 | -0.146 | 0.192 | -0.042 | 0.196 | ||
Other Asian | -0.396 | 0.417 | -0.053 | 0.365 | 0.018 | 0.385 | -0.114 | 0.220 | -0.188 | 0.249 | -0.123 | 0.241 | ||
Other Visible Minority | 0.133 | 0.473 | 0.495 | 0.517 | -0.722 | 0.463 | 0.008 | 0.287 | -0.15 | 0.327 | 0.012 | 0.286 | ||
Education [Bachelor's Degree] | ||||||||||||||
High school diploma or less | -0.053 | 0.168 | -0.002 | 0.151 | -0.218 | 0.161 | -0.102 | 0.090 | 1.255a | 0.684 | -0.093 | 0.102 | -0.098 | 0.093 |
Some post-secondary education | 0.013 | 0.243 | 0.109 | 0.231 | 0.26 | 0.247 | 0.115 | 0.137 | 0.242 | 0.754 | 0.085 | 0.151 | 0.107 | 0.139 |
College diploma or some university | 0.196 | 0.165 | 0.118 | 0.144 | -0.069 | 0.155 | 0.08 | 0.088 | 0.133 | 0.576 | 0.058 | 0.100 | 0.084 | 0.092 |
Master's degree or above | -0.101 | 0.156 | -0.119 | 0.154 | 0.173 | 0.176 | -0.049 | 0.090 | 1.173 | 0.714 | -0.032 | 0.104 | -0.047 | 0.097 |
Currently in school | -0.904c | 0.121 | -0.914c | 0.136 | -0.268 | 0.263 | -0.794c | 0.082 | -0.816c | 0.122 | -0.926c | 0.088 | -0.796c | 0.083 |
Sample coverage: Female immigrants who participated in the labour force. | ||||||||||||||
Dependent variable | em (conditional on the participation in the labour force) | |||||||||||||
Models | ||||||||||||||
Independent variables | Ordinary Logit Models (No individual specific effects) | Panel Models (With individual specific effects) | ||||||||||||
Wave 1 (6 months after landing) | Wave 2 (2 years after landing) | Wave 3 (4 years after landing) | Pooled Logit Model (W1, 2 & 3) | Fixed-effects Logit Model | Random-effects Logit Model | GEE Population-averaged Model | ||||||||
Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std.Err | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | |
Language Proficiency | ||||||||||||||
English | -0.193 | 0.148 | 0.11 | 0.152 | 0.162 | 0.156 | 0 | 0.087 | 0.103 | 0.157 | 0.071 | 0.092 | 0.006 | 0.091 |
French | -0.305 | 0.199 | -0.018 | 0.207 | -0.14 | 0.234 | -0.156 | 0.118 | -0.202 | 0.266 | -0.244a | 0.128 | -0.158 | 0.127 |
Experience | ||||||||||||||
Had work experience before landing | 0.154 | 0.163 | 0.368c | 0.140 | 0.422c | 0.142 | 0.335c | 0.083 | 0.42c | 0.092 | 0.343c | 0.088 | ||
Number of weeks in Canada after landing | 0.234 | 0.174 | -0.166 | 0.215 | 0.356 | 0.419 | -0.029c | 0.009 | -0.03b | 0.013 | -0.029c | 0.009 | -0.029c | 0.009 |
Number of weeks in Canada after landing2 | -0.364 | 0.286 | 0.109 | 0.126 | -0.164 | 0.214 | 0.031c | 0.007 | 0.03c | 0.011 | 0.032c | 0.007 | 0.031c | 0.007 |
Had an arranged job upon landing | 2.185c | 0.439 | 1.424c | 0.395 | 0.822b | 0.374 | 1.528c | 0.230 | 1.781c | 0.243 | 1.55c | 0.230 | ||
Visited Canada before landing | -0.228 | 0.173 | 0.265 | 0.166 | 0.265 | 0.177 | 0.109 | 0.096 | 0.155 | 0.108 | 0.098 | 0.104 | ||
Worked in Canada before landing | 0.125 | 0.488 | 0.123 | 0.417 | 0.532 | 0.474 | 0.224 | 0.255 | 0.052 | 0.278 | 0.224 | 0.251 | ||
Studied in Canada before landing | 0.249 | 0.293 | -0.097 | 0.282 | 0.109 | 0.361 | 0.059 | 0.174 | -0.031 | 0.196 | 0.062 | 0.190 | ||
Social networks | ||||||||||||||
_Family and relatives | ||||||||||||||
Spouse currently employed | 0.336b | 0.130 | 0.255b | 0.127 | -0.022 | 0.148 | 0.142b | 0.071 | 0.077 | 0.090 | 0.191c | 0.072 | 0.125a | 0.069 |
Number of relatives in Canada | 0.055 | 0.083 | 0.019 | 0.072 | 0.119 | 0.085 | 0.069 | 0.045 | -0.126 | 0.374 | 0.052 | 0.051 | 0.075 | 0.050 |
Relatives living nearby upon landing | 0.189 | 0.160 | 0.331b | 0.140 | -0.021 | 0.160 | 0.17a | 0.087 | 0.273c | 0.097 | 0.169a | 0.095 | ||
Frequency of contact with family sponsors | 0.07 | 0.258 | -0.123 | 0.204 | -0.056 | 0.186 | 0.011 | 0.114 | 0.357 | 0.238 | -0.013 | 0.124 | 0.012 | 0.117 |
_Friends | ||||||||||||||
Friends living nearby upon landing | 0.304b | 0.125 | 0.382c | 0.111 | 0.104 | 0.112 | 0.289c | 0.065 | 0.337c | 0.073 | 0.283c | 0.069 | ||
Number of sources meeting friends | -0.124c | 0.044 | -0.16c | 0.031 | -0.177c | 0.040 | -0.154c | 0.020 | -0.086c | 0.031 | -0.168c | 0.022 | -0.148c | 0.021 |
Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.258 | 0.226 | 0.55b | 0.250 | 0.332 | 0.243 | 0.45c | 0.118 | 0.367b | 0.186 | 0.479c | 0.124 | 0.454c | 0.118 |
Cohort diversity of friends | 0.333 | 0.214 | 0.081 | 0.210 | ||||||||||
Frequency of contact with friends | 0.337 | 0.217 | 0.52b | 0.207 | 0.89b | 0.352 | 0.517c | 0.129 | 0.413b | 0.195 | 0.527c | 0.136 | 0.499c | 0.130 |
_Groups and organizational network | ||||||||||||||
Number of organizations participated in | 0.083 | 0.257 | 0.127 | 0.215 | 0.308 | 0.227 | 0.159 | 0.127 | 0.143 | 0.187 | 0.212 | 0.131 | 0.144 | 0.127 |
Ethnic diversity of organizational network | -2.616 | 3.694 | 2.548 | 2.962 | -1.071 | 3.339 | 0.025 | 1.875 | -0.242 | 2.795 | -0.395 | 1.932 | 0.129 | 1.860 |
Frequency of activity with organizations | 0.067 | 0.319 | -0.379 | 0.316 | -0.531 | 0.332 | -0.262 | 0.183 | -0.05 | 0.252 | -0.308a | 0.183 | -0.234 | 0.185 |
Volunteered time for organizations | 0.219 | 0.237 | -0.068 | 0.209 | -0.09 | 0.208 | -0.037 | 0.120 | -0.102 | 0.169 | -0.089 | 0.124 | -0.047 | 0.122 |
_cons | -2.937 | 2.736 | 5.552 | 9.247 | -18.864 | 20.570 | 0.309 | 0.526 | 0.31 | 0.551 | 0.277 | 0.538 | ||
No. of observations | 2070 | 2724 | 2851 | 7674 | 3477 | 7674 | 7674 | |||||||
No. of groups (for panel models) | 1284 | 3201 | 3201 | |||||||||||
Pseudo R2 | 1.109 | 0.123 | 0.1046 | 0.112 | ||||||||||
Percent correctly predicted | 0.669 | 0.716 | 0.721 | 0.584 | 0.703 | 0.719 | ||||||||
Prob > Chi-Square | ||||||||||||||
Joint test for network size = 0 | 0.0399 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0391 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |||||||
Joint test for network diversity = 0, if applicable | 0.4541 | 0.0008 | 0.2298 | 0.0006 | 0.1426 | 0.0006 | 0.0006 | |||||||
Joint test for network density = 0 | 0.4632 | 0.0484 | 0.0329 | 0.0005 | 0.0971 | 0.0007 | 0.0012 |
a p<0.1; b p<0.05; c p<0.01.
Reference categories are in brackets.
Data source: Longitudinal survey of immigrants to Canada (2005).
Sample coverage: Male immigrants who participated in the labour force. | ||||||||||||
Dependent variable | em (conditional on the participation in the labour force) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Models | ||||||||||||
Independent variables | Model M.1 | Model M.2 | Model M.3 | Model M.4 | Model M.5 | Marginal Effects | ||||||
No social capital | All social capital indicators | Kinship and friendship indicators | Social capital and time effects | Final specification | Final specification | |||||||
Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | dy/dx1 | Std. Err. | |
Immigration category [family] | ||||||||||||
Skilled Workers (PA) | -0.519c | 0.125 | -0.314b | 0.159 | -0.309a | 0.159 | -0.435c | 0.131 | -0.431c | 0.131 | -0.067c | 0.020 |
Skilled Workers (S&D) | -0.737c | 0.127 | -0.533c | 0.161 | -0.525c | 0.161 | -0.672c | 0.135 | -0.655c | 0.134 | -0.117c | 0.027 |
Refugees | -0.558c | 0.146 | -0.393b | 0.166 | -0.388b | 0.165 | -0.508c | 0.149 | -0.494c | 0.149 | -0.085c | 0.028 |
Others | -0.394b | 0.156 | -0.212 | 0.182 | -0.206 | 0.182 | -0.33b | 0.162 | -0.317a | 0.161 | -0.053a | 0.029 |
Demographic variables | ||||||||||||
Age | 0.116c | 0.023 | 0.119c | 0.023 | 0.119c | 0.023 | 0.114c | 0.023 | 0.117c | 0.023 | 0.018c | 0.004 |
Age2 | -0.178c | 0.028 | -0.182c | 0.027 | -0.181c | 0.027 | -0.176c | 0.027 | -0.179c | 0.027 | -0.028c | 0.004 |
Married | 0.006 | 0.098 | 0.019 | 0.098 | 0.02 | 0.098 | 0.017 | 0.098 | 0.025 | 0.098 | 0.004 | 0.015 |
Number of children | 0.113a | 0.058 | 0.11a | 0.057 | 0.11a | 0.057 | 0.111a | 0.057 | 0.111a | 0.057 | 0.017a | 0.009 |
Number of children in school age | -0.191c | 0.063 | -0.18c | 0.063 | -0.181c | 0.063 | -0.18c | 0.063 | -0.181c | 0.063 | -0.028c | 0.010 |
Number of preschool children | -0.064 | 0.086 | -0.058 | 0.086 | -0.06 | 0.086 | -0.067 | 0.086 | -0.06 | 0.086 | -0.009 | 0.013 |
Province of residence [Ontario] | ||||||||||||
Atlantic Provinces | 0.151 | 0.356 | 0.165 | 0.365 | 0.166 | 0.366 | 0.15 | 0.369 | 0.149 | 0.365 | 0.022 | 0.052 |
Quebec | -0.782c | 0.129 | -0.763c | 0.129 | -0.762c | 0.128 | -0.785c | 0.128 | -0.771c | 0.128 | -0.139c | 0.026 |
Manitoba and Saskatchewan | 0.267 | 0.235 | 0.234 | 0.230 | 0.225 | 0.231 | 0.214 | 0.232 | 0.211 | 0.232 | 0.031 | 0.032 |
Alberta | 0.261b | 0.108 | 0.261b | 0.110 | 0.261b | 0.110 | 0.243b | 0.109 | 0.247b | 0.109 | 0.036b | 0.015 |
BC | -0.176b | 0.086 | -0.189b | 0.088 | -0.191b | 0.088 | -0.204b | 0.087 | -0.207b | 0.087 | -0.033b | 0.015 |
Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) | ||||||||||||
Not in the Big 5 CMAs | -0.041 | 0.086 | -0.058 | 0.087 | -0.055 | 0.087 | -0.068 | 0.087 | -0.065 | 0.086 | -0.01 | 0.014 |
Region of birth [North America, UK and Western Europe] | ||||||||||||
Asia and Pacific | -0.248 | 0.270 | -0.228 | 0.272 | -0.233 | 0.271 | -0.219 | 0.273 | -0.226 | 0.271 | -0.035 | 0.042 |
Central and South America | 0.139 | 0.283 | 0.079 | 0.283 | 0.072 | 0.282 | 0.08 | 0.282 | 0.071 | 0.280 | 0.011 | 0.042 |
Europe except UK and Western Europe | -0.093 | 0.196 | -0.094 | 0.198 | -0.1 | 0.197 | -0.083 | 0.196 | -0.092 | 0.196 | -0.015 | 0.032 |
Africa and Middle-East | -0.319 | 0.229 | -0.34 | 0.230 | -0.34 | 0.229 | -0.332 | 0.229 | -0.341 | 0.228 | -0.056 | 0.039 |
Population group [White] | ||||||||||||
Chinese | -0.766c | 0.220 | -0.685c | 0.220 | -0.685c | 0.219 | -0.682c | 0.220 | -0.679c | 0.220 | -0.12c | 0.043 |
South Asian | 0.068 | 0.217 | 0.045 | 0.218 | 0.048 | 0.217 | 0.039 | 0.217 | 0.041 | 0.217 | 0.006 | 0.033 |
Black | -0.312 | 0.219 | -0.302 | 0.219 | -0.289 | 0.218 | -0.287 | 0.218 | -0.29 | 0.217 | -0.048 | 0.039 |
Filipino | 0.629b | 0.256 | 0.596b | 0.259 | 0.598b | 0.258 | 0.59b | 0.258 | 0.591b | 0.257 | 0.078c | 0.028 |
Latin | -0.359 | 0.291 | -0.308 | 0.288 | -0.298 | 0.288 | -0.294 | 0.288 | -0.3 | 0.286 | -0.051 | 0.052 |
West Asian and Arab | -0.497c | 0.189 | -0.5c | 0.190 | -0.504c | 0.189 | -0.494c | 0.188 | -0.495c | 0.188 | -0.085b | 0.036 |
Other Asian | -0.775c | 0.246 | -0.705c | 0.249 | -0.718c | 0.247 | -0.748c | 0.248 | -0.748c | 0.247 | -0.14c | 0.053 |
Other Visible Minority | -0.276 | 0.324 | -0.288 | 0.324 | -0.282 | 0.324 | -0.255 | 0.321 | -0.244 | 0.321 | -0.041 | 0.057 |
Education [Bachelor's Degree] | ||||||||||||
High school diploma or less | -0.215a | 0.114 | -0.25b | 0.116 | -0.247b | 0.116 | -0.242b | 0.115 | -0.246b | 0.115 | -0.04b | 0.019 |
Some post-secondary education | 0.177 | 0.158 | 0.122 | 0.159 | 0.124 | 0.159 | 0.138 | 0.157 | 0.129 | 0.157 | 0.019 | 0.023 |
College diploma or some university | -0.03 | 0.104 | -0.058 | 0.105 | -0.058 | 0.105 | -0.055 | 0.105 | -0.055 | 0.104 | -0.009 | 0.017 |
Master's degree or above | -0.093 | 0.086 | -0.085 | 0.087 | -0.081 | 0.086 | -0.081 | 0.086 | -0.082 | 0.086 | -0.013 | 0.014 |
Currently in school | -0.853c | 0.074 | -0.838c | 0.075 | -0.836c | 0.075 | -0.822c | 0.075 | -0.84c | 0.075 | -0.154c | 0.016 |
Sample coverage: Male immigrants who participated in the labour force. | ||||||||||||
Dependent variable | em (conditional on the participation in the labour force) | |||||||||||
Models | ||||||||||||
Independent variables | Model M.1 | Model M.2 | Model M.3 | Model M.4 | Model M.5 | Marginal Effects | ||||||
No social capital | All social capital indicators | Kinship and friendship indicators | Social capital and time effects | Final specification | Final specification | |||||||
Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | dy/dx1 | Std. Err. | |
Language Proficiency | ||||||||||||
English | 0.183a | 0.097 | 0.174a | 0.098 | 0.177a | 0.098 | 0.175a | 0.098 | 0.178a | 0.098 | 0.029a | 0.017 |
French | -0.131 | 0.127 | -0.137 | 0.127 | -0.136 | 0.126 | -0.12 | 0.126 | -0.126 | 0.126 | -0.02 | 0.021 |
Experience | ||||||||||||
Had work experience before landing | 0.373c | 0.117 | 0.379c | 0.117 | 0.381c | 0.117 | 0.401c | 0.117 | 0.381c | 0.117 | 0.064c | 0.021 |
Number of weeks in Canada after landing | -0.01 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0 | 0.008 | 0.035b | 0.017 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0 | 0.001 |
Number of weeks in Canada after landing2 | 0.018c | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.007 | -0.019a | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Had an arranged job upon landing | 1.43c | 0.188 | 1.41c | 0.189 | 1.411c | 0.189 | 1.417c | 0.188 | 1.402c | 0.188 | 0.15c | 0.012 |
Visited Canada before landing | 0.222b | 0.104 | 0.178a | 0.106 | 0.182a | 0.106 | 0.195a | 0.105 | 0.189a | 0.105 | 0.028a | 0.015 |
Worked in Canada before landing | 0.259 | 0.247 | 0.279 | 0.250 | 0.286 | 0.250 | 0.29 | 0.251 | 0.283 | 0.249 | 0.04 | 0.033 |
Studied in Canada before landing | 0.363a | 0.194 | 0.355a | 0.195 | 0.359a | 0.195 | 0.375a | 0.195 | 0.368a | 0.195 | 0.051b | 0.024 |
Social networks | ||||||||||||
_Family and relatives | ||||||||||||
Spouse currently employed | 0.36c | 0.072 | 0.368c | 0.073 | 0.367c | 0.073 | 0.393c | 0.073 | 0.372c | 0.073 | 0.055c | 0.010 |
Number of relatives in Canada | -0.046 | 0.053 | -0.046 | 0.053 | ||||||||
Relatives living nearby upon landing | 0.252b | 0.100 | 0.248b | 0.100 | 0.184b | 0.076 | 0.183b | 0.076 | 0.028b | 0.012 | ||
Frequency of contact with family sponsors | 0.203 | 0.129 | 0.206 | 0.129 | ||||||||
_Friends | ||||||||||||
Friends living nearby upon landing | 0.123a | 0.070 | 0.122a | 0.069 | ||||||||
Number of sources meeting friends | -0.103c | 0.019 | -0.103c | 0.018 | -0.08c | 0.019 | -0.097c | 0.018 | -0.015c | 0.003 | ||
Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.283b | 0.124 | 0.298b | 0.124 | 0.301b | 0.124 | 0.288b | 0.123 | 0.045b | 0.019 | ||
Frequency of contact with friends | 0.251a | 0.129 | 0.244a | 0.129 | 0.185 | 0.129 | 0.256b | 0.128 | 0.04b | 0.020 | ||
_Groups and organizational network | ||||||||||||
Number of organizations participated in | -0.077 | 0.115 | ||||||||||
Ethnic diversity of organizational network | 1.549 | 1.812 | ||||||||||
Frequency of activity with organizations | -0.111 | 0.167 | ||||||||||
Volunteered time for organizations | 0.122 | 0.112 | ||||||||||
Time effects | ||||||||||||
Wave2 | -0.213 | 0.373 | ||||||||||
Wave3 | 0.196 | 0.418 | ||||||||||
_cons | -0.275 | 0.500 | -1.024a | 0.529 | -1.029a | 0.529 | -1.507b | 0.620 | -0.826 | 0.518 | ||
No. of observations | 9843 | 9843 | 9843 | 9843 | 9843 | 9843 | ||||||
No. of groups | 3659 | 3659 | 3659 | 3659 | 3659 | 3659 | ||||||
Percent correctly predicted | 0.787 | 0.790 | 0.789 | 0.791 | 0.788 |
a p<0.1; b p<0.05; c p<0.01.
1 Marginal effects for dummy variables are for discrete change from 0 to 1.
Reference categories are in brackets.
Data source: Longitudinal survey of immigrants to Canada (2005).
Sample coverage: Female immigrants who participated in the labour force. | ||||||||||||
Dependent variable | em (conditional on the participation in the labour force) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Models | ||||||||||||
Independent variables | Model F.1 | Model F.2 | Model F.3 | Model F.4 | Model F.5 | Marginal Effects | ||||||
No social capital | All social capital indicators | Kinship and friendship indicators | Social capital and time effects | Final specification | Final specification | |||||||
Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | dy/dx1 | Std. Err. | |
Immigration category [family] | ||||||||||||
Skilled Workers (PA) | 0.279b | 0.114 | 0.356b | 0.154 | 0.36b | 0.154 | 0.325c | 0.121 | 0.33c | 0.121 | 0.065c | 0.023 |
Skilled Workers (S&D) | 0.021 | 0.091 | 0.11 | 0.136 | 0.117 | 0.136 | 0.076 | 0.100 | 0.082 | 0.099 | 0.017 | 0.020 |
Refugees | -0.301b | 0.142 | -0.194 | 0.162 | -0.197 | 0.162 | -0.226 | 0.145 | -0.22 | 0.145 | -0.047 | 0.032 |
Others | -0.165 | 0.138 | -0.086 | 0.169 | -0.079 | 0.169 | -0.118 | 0.142 | -0.112 | 0.142 | -0.024 | 0.031 |
Demographic variables | ||||||||||||
Age | 0.053b | 0.023 | 0.051b | 0.024 | 0.051b | 0.024 | 0.048b | 0.024 | 0.05b | 0.024 | 0.01b | 0.005 |
Age2 | -0.096c | 0.029 | -0.092c | 0.030 | -0.093c | 0.030 | -0.089c | 0.029 | -0.091c | 0.029 | -0.019c | 0.006 |
Married | -0.043 | 0.102 | -0.016 | 0.104 | -0.02 | 0.104 | -0.025 | 0.104 | -0.02 | 0.104 | -0.004 | 0.021 |
Number of children | 0.031 | 0.056 | 0.037 | 0.055 | 0.037 | 0.055 | 0.04 | 0.056 | 0.04 | 0.055 | 0.008 | 0.012 |
Number of children in school age | -0.158b | 0.061 | -0.142b | 0.061 | -0.143b | 0.062 | -0.144b | 0.062 | -0.143b | 0.062 | -0.03b | 0.013 |
Number of preschool children | -0.832c | 0.084 | -0.832c | 0.083 | -0.832c | 0.083 | -0.835c | 0.083 | -0.832c | 0.083 | -0.173c | 0.017 |
Province of residence [Ontario] | ||||||||||||
Atlantic Provinces | -0.671a | 0.343 | -0.554 | 0.353 | -0.568 | 0.352 | -0.571 | 0.356 | -0.578 | 0.354 | -0.132 | 0.086 |
Quebec | -0.448c | 0.131 | -0.415c | 0.131 | -0.419c | 0.130 | -0.431c | 0.131 | -0.419c | 0.130 | -0.092c | 0.030 |
Manitoba and Saskatchewan | 0.368 | 0.246 | 0.375 | 0.241 | 0.384 | 0.240 | 0.402a | 0.241 | 0.397 | 0.242 | 0.076a | 0.042 |
Alberta | 0.245b | 0.100 | 0.244b | 0.100 | 0.245b | 0.100 | 0.258b | 0.100 | 0.253b | 0.100 | 0.05c | 0.019 |
BC | -0.019 | 0.082 | -0.047 | 0.083 | -0.049 | 0.083 | -0.041 | 0.083 | -0.04 | 0.083 | -0.008 | 0.017 |
Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) | ||||||||||||
Not in the Big 5 CMAs | 0.007 | 0.082 | -0.022 | 0.083 | -0.016 | 0.083 | -0.019 | 0.083 | -0.017 | 0.083 | -0.003 | 0.017 |
Region of birth [North America, UK and Western Europe] | ||||||||||||
Asia and Pacific | -0.632b | 0.267 | -0.596b | 0.271 | -0.603b | 0.269 | -0.612b | 0.269 | -0.604b | 0.270 | -0.123b | 0.054 |
Central and South America | -0.514b | 0.259 | -0.57b | 0.256 | -0.576b | 0.256 | -0.56b | 0.257 | -0.562b | 0.257 | -0.127b | 0.062 |
Europe except UK and Western Europe | -0.495b | 0.197 | -0.458b | 0.201 | -0.471b | 0.200 | -0.479b | 0.200 | -0.473b | 0.200 | -0.104b | 0.046 |
Africa and Middle-East | -0.885c | 0.229 | -0.911c | 0.235 | -0.908c | 0.233 | -0.91c | 0.233 | -0.912c | 0.234 | -0.208c | 0.056 |
Population group [White] | ||||||||||||
Chinese | -0.251 | 0.214 | -0.113 | 0.215 | -0.115 | 0.214 | -0.111 | 0.214 | -0.119 | 0.214 | -0.025 | 0.046 |
South Asian | 0.113 | 0.209 | 0.083 | 0.212 | 0.08 | 0.211 | 0.095 | 0.212 | 0.093 | 0.212 | 0.019 | 0.043 |
Black | 0.373a | 0.208 | 0.429b | 0.211 | 0.416b | 0.211 | 0.406a | 0.212 | 0.407a | 0.212 | 0.078b | 0.037 |
Filipino | 0.965c | 0.248 | 0.967c | 0.249 | 0.962c | 0.248 | 0.974c | 0.249 | 0.977c | 0.249 | 0.165c | 0.032 |
Latin | 0.113 | 0.268 | 0.194 | 0.260 | 0.187 | 0.260 | 0.161 | 0.262 | 0.166 | 0.262 | 0.033 | 0.051 |
West Asian and Arab | -0.058 | 0.191 | -0.042 | 0.196 | -0.053 | 0.196 | -0.058 | 0.196 | -0.055 | 0.196 | -0.011 | 0.041 |
Other Asian | -0.22 | 0.239 | -0.123 | 0.241 | -0.134 | 0.240 | -0.131 | 0.240 | -0.138 | 0.240 | -0.029 | 0.052 |
Other Visible Minority | 0.069 | 0.294 | 0.012 | 0.286 | 0.006 | 0.285 | 0 | 0.286 | 0.013 | 0.287 | 0.003 | 0.059 |
Education [Bachelor's Degree] | ||||||||||||
High school diploma or less | -0.061 | 0.093 | -0.098 | 0.093 | -0.099 | 0.093 | -0.099 | 0.093 | -0.1 | 0.093 | -0.021 | 0.020 |
Some post-secondary education | 0.127 | 0.140 | 0.107 | 0.139 | 0.106 | 0.139 | 0.108 | 0.139 | 0.103 | 0.139 | 0.021 | 0.028 |
College diploma or some university | 0.095 | 0.092 | 0.084 | 0.092 | 0.082 | 0.092 | 0.085 | 0.093 | 0.082 | 0.093 | 0.017 | 0.019 |
Master's degree or above | -0.066 | 0.096 | -0.047 | 0.097 | -0.044 | 0.097 | -0.048 | 0.097 | -0.047 | 0.097 | -0.01 | 0.020 |
Currently in school | -0.778c | 0.082 | -0.796c | 0.083 | -0.793c | 0.083 | -0.788c | 0.083 | -0.796c | 0.083 | -0.181c | 0.020 |
Sample coverage: Female immigrants who participated in the labour force. | ||||||||||||
Dependent variable | em (conditional on the participation in the labour force) | |||||||||||
Models | ||||||||||||
Independent variables | Model F.1 | Model F.2 | Model F.3 | Model F.4 | Model F.5 | Marginal Effects | ||||||
No social capital | All social capital indicators | Kinship and friendship indicators | Social capital and time effects | Final specification | Final specification | |||||||
Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | dy/dx1 | Std. Err. | |
Language Proficiency | ||||||||||||
English | 0.041 | 0.090 | 0.006 | 0.091 | 0.005 | 0.091 | 0.006 | 0.091 | 0.005 | 0.091 | 0.001 | 0.019 |
French | -0.125 | 0.126 | -0.158 | 0.127 | -0.16 | 0.127 | -0.158 | 0.127 | -0.163 | 0.127 | -0.035 | 0.027 |
Experience | ||||||||||||
Had work experience before landing | 0.387c | 0.088 | 0.343c | 0.088 | 0.344c | 0.088 | 0.342c | 0.088 | 0.342c | 0.088 | 0.073c | 0.019 |
Number of weeks in Canada after landing | -0.045c | 0.009 | -0.029c | 0.009 | -0.03c | 0.009 | -0.001 | 0.019 | -0.03c | 0.009 | -0.006c | 0.002 |
Number of weeks in Canada after landing2 | 0.044c | 0.007 | 0.031c | 0.007 | 0.031c | 0.007 | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.032c | 0.007 | 0.007c | 0.001 |
Had an arranged job upon landing | 1.58c | 0.232 | 1.55c | 0.230 | 1.567c | 0.230 | 1.577c | 0.232 | 1.573c | 0.232 | 0.225c | 0.019 |
Visited Canada before landing | 0.149 | 0.103 | 0.098 | 0.104 | 0.098 | 0.104 | 0.104 | 0.104 | 0.103 | 0.104 | 0.021 | 0.021 |
Worked in Canada before landing | 0.217 | 0.248 | 0.224 | 0.251 | 0.23 | 0.248 | 0.23 | 0.248 | 0.224 | 0.248 | 0.044 | 0.047 |
Studied in Canada before landing | 0.135 | 0.190 | 0.062 | 0.190 | 0.07 | 0.190 | 0.078 | 0.191 | 0.078 | 0.190 | 0.016 | 0.038 |
Social networks | ||||||||||||
_Family and relatives | ||||||||||||
Spouse currently employed | 0.079 | 0.067 | 0.125a | 0.069 | 0.125a | 0.069 | 0.148b | 0.072 | 0.125a | 0.068 | 0.026a | 0.014 |
Number of relatives in Canada | 0.075 | 0.050 | 0.073 | 0.050 | ||||||||
Relatives living nearby upon landing | 0.169a | 0.095 | 0.169a | 0.095 | 0.254c | 0.075 | 0.255c | 0.074 | 0.053c | 0.016 | ||
Frequency of contact with family sponsors | 0.012 | 0.117 | 0.014 | 0.117 | ||||||||
_Friends | ||||||||||||
Friends living nearby upon landing | 0.283c | 0.069 | 0.276c | 0.068 | 0.278c | 0.069 | 0.279c | 0.068 | 0.057c | 0.014 | ||
Number of sources meeting friends | -0.148c | 0.021 | -0.143c | 0.020 | -0.136c | 0.020 | -0.142c | 0.020 | -0.03c | 0.004 | ||
Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.454c | 0.118 | 0.455c | 0.118 | 0.457c | 0.117 | 0.458c | 0.117 | 0.095c | 0.024 | ||
Frequency of contact with friends | 0.499c | 0.130 | 0.487c | 0.129 | 0.463c | 0.130 | 0.484c | 0.129 | 0.101c | 0.027 | ||
_Groups and organizational network | ||||||||||||
Number of organizations participated in | 0.144 | 0.127 | ||||||||||
Ethnic diversity of organizational network | 0.129 | 1.860 | ||||||||||
Frequency of activity with organizations | -0.234 | 0.185 | ||||||||||
Volunteered time for organizations | -0.047 | 0.122 | ||||||||||
Wave2 | -0.569 | 0.410 | ||||||||||
Wave3 | -0.462 | 0.455 | ||||||||||
_cons | 1.213b | 0.501 | 0.277 | 0.538 | 0.304 | 0.536 | -0.274 | 0.646 | 0.382 | 0.518 | ||
No. of observations | 7674 | 7674 | 7674 | 7674 | 7674 | 7674 | ||||||
No. of groups | 3201 | 3201 | 3201 | 3201 | 3201 | 3201 | ||||||
Percent correctly predicted | 0.711 | 0.719 | 0.720 | 0.719 | 0.720 |
a p<0.1; b p<0.05; c p<0.01.
1 Marginal effects for dummy variables are for discrete change from 0 to 1.
Reference categories are in brackets.
Data source: Longitudinal survey of immigrants to Canada (2005).
Sample coverage: Male immigrants who participated in the labour force. | ||||||||||
Dependent variable | em (conditional on the participation in the labour force) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Models | ||||||||||
Independent variables | Model M.int.1 | Model M.int.2 | Model M.int.3 | Model M.int.4 | Model M.int.5 | |||||
Time effect interactions | Immigration category interactions | Ethnic group interactions | Education interactions | Official language interactions | ||||||
Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | |
Immigration category [family] | ||||||||||
Skilled Workers (PA) | -0.443c | 0.131 | -0.821c | 0.191 | -0.429c | 0.131 | -0.421c | 0.130 | -0.432c | 0.131 |
Skilled Workers (S&D) | -0.678c | 0.135 | -1.04c | 0.236 | -0.649c | 0.135 | -0.636c | 0.135 | -0.655c | 0.135 |
Refugees | -0.515c | 0.149 | -0.607c | 0.230 | -0.49c | 0.150 | -0.477c | 0.149 | -0.496c | 0.149 |
Others | -0.335b | 0.162 | -0.506a | 0.262 | -0.324b | 0.162 | -0.305a | 0.161 | -0.318b | 0.161 |
Demographic variables | ||||||||||
Age | 0.116c | 0.023 | 0.12c | 0.023 | 0.118c | 0.023 | 0.115c | 0.023 | 0.117c | 0.023 |
Age2 | -0.179c | 0.027 | -0.184c | 0.027 | -0.179c | 0.028 | -0.177c | 0.027 | -0.179c | 0.027 |
Married | 0.019 | 0.098 | 0.024 | 0.098 | 0.03 | 0.098 | 0.023 | 0.098 | 0.025 | 0.098 |
Number of children | 0.111a | 0.057 | 0.109a | 0.057 | 0.108a | 0.058 | 0.113b | 0.057 | 0.111a | 0.057 |
Number of children in school age | -0.181c | 0.063 | -0.178c | 0.063 | -0.18c | 0.063 | -0.181c | 0.063 | -0.181c | 0.063 |
Number of preschool children | -0.068 | 0.086 | -0.055 | 0.086 | -0.065 | 0.086 | -0.06 | 0.086 | -0.061 | 0.086 |
Province of residence [Ontario] | ||||||||||
Atlantic Provinces | 0.141 | 0.366 | 0.145 | 0.369 | 0.181 | 0.372 | 0.139 | 0.365 | 0.153 | 0.366 |
Quebec | -0.782c | 0.128 | -0.774c | 0.128 | -0.77c | 0.128 | -0.772c | 0.128 | -0.771c | 0.129 |
Manitoba and Saskatchewan | 0.212 | 0.232 | 0.209 | 0.233 | 0.209 | 0.232 | 0.22 | 0.232 | 0.211 | 0.232 |
Alberta | 0.24b | 0.109 | 0.241b | 0.109 | 0.229b | 0.109 | 0.247b | 0.109 | 0.248b | 0.109 |
BC | -0.204b | 0.087 | -0.214b | 0.087 | -0.211b | 0.087 | -0.21b | 0.087 | -0.207b | 0.087 |
Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) | ||||||||||
Not in the Big 5 CMAs | -0.065 | 0.087 | -0.067 | 0.086 | -0.064 | 0.087 | -0.065 | 0.087 | -0.065 | 0.086 |
Region of birth [North America, UK and Western Europe] | ||||||||||
Asia and Pacific | -0.217 | 0.273 | -0.215 | 0.272 | -0.244 | 0.270 | -0.223 | 0.271 | -0.224 | 0.271 |
Central and South America | 0.076 | 0.282 | 0.084 | 0.283 | 0.012 | 0.277 | 0.075 | 0.279 | 0.075 | 0.280 |
Europe except UK and Western Europe | -0.082 | 0.196 | -0.081 | 0.197 | -0.087 | 0.198 | -0.083 | 0.196 | -0.089 | 0.196 |
Africa and Middle-East | -0.334 | 0.229 | -0.332 | 0.229 | -0.342 | 0.228 | -0.335 | 0.228 | -0.339 | 0.228 |
Population group [White] | ||||||||||
Chinese | -0.683c | 0.220 | -0.68c | 0.219 | -0.806c | 0.272 | -0.677c | 0.220 | -0.68c | 0.219 |
South Asian | 0.039 | 0.217 | 0.012 | 0.217 | 0.157 | 0.272 | 0.036 | 0.217 | 0.041 | 0.217 |
Black | -0.29 | 0.217 | -0.29 | 0.218 | 0.263 | 0.331 | -0.293 | 0.216 | -0.289 | 0.217 |
Filipino | 0.594b | 0.258 | 0.582b | 0.256 | 1.319c | 0.401 | 0.593b | 0.257 | 0.59b | 0.257 |
Latin | -0.299 | 0.288 | -0.309 | 0.288 | -0.6 | 0.455 | -0.306 | 0.285 | -0.302 | 0.286 |
West Asian and Arab | -0.49c | 0.187 | -0.506c | 0.187 | -0.501a | 0.262 | -0.499c | 0.187 | -0.495c | 0.187 |
Other Asian | -0.749c | 0.248 | -0.749c | 0.247 | -0.211 | 0.356 | -0.742c | 0.248 | -0.748c | 0.247 |
Other Visible Minority | -0.25 | 0.323 | -0.248 | 0.321 | 0.037 | 0.571 | -0.246 | 0.321 | -0.244 | 0.321 |
Education [Bachelor's Degree] | ||||||||||
High school diploma or less | -0.238b | 0.115 | -0.276b | 0.115 | -0.232b | 0.116 | -0.118 | 0.176 | -0.246b | 0.115 |
Some post-secondary education | 0.136 | 0.157 | 0.122 | 0.157 | 0.141 | 0.158 | 0.062 | 0.272 | 0.129 | 0.157 |
College diploma or some university | -0.056 | 0.105 | -0.058 | 0.104 | -0.04 | 0.105 | -0.073 | 0.197 | -0.056 | 0.104 |
Master's degree or above | -0.081 | 0.086 | -0.078 | 0.086 | -0.076 | 0.086 | -0.095 | 0.169 | -0.082 | 0.086 |
Currently in school | -0.83c | 0.075 | -0.84c | 0.075 | -0.84c | 0.075 | -0.842c | 0.075 | -0.84c | 0.075 |
Language Proficiency | ||||||||||
English | 0.171a | 0.098 | 0.216b | 0.100 | 0.174a | 0.099 | 0.189a | 0.099 | 0.199 | 0.157 |
French | -0.12 | 0.126 | -0.128 | 0.126 | -0.137 | 0.126 | -0.126 | 0.126 | -0.153 | 0.190 |
Experience | ||||||||||
Had work experience before landing | 0.393c | 0.117 | 0.377c | 0.116 | 0.375c | 0.117 | 0.377c | 0.116 | 0.381c | 0.117 |
Number of weeks in Canada after landing | 0.035b | 0.017 | 0 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.008 |
Number of weeks in Canada after landing2 | -0.019a | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.007 |
Had an arranged job upon landing | 1.413c | 0.188 | 1.394c | 0.188 | 1.415c | 0.189 | 1.395c | 0.188 | 1.403c | 0.188 |
Visited Canada before landing | 0.192a | 0.105 | 0.195a | 0.105 | 0.195a | 0.105 | 0.191a | 0.105 | 0.188a | 0.105 |
Worked in Canada before landing | 0.286 | 0.250 | 0.279 | 0.250 | 0.268 | 0.251 | 0.286 | 0.250 | 0.283 | 0.249 |
Studied in Canada before landing | 0.369a | 0.194 | 0.349a | 0.195 | 0.36a | 0.196 | 0.364a | 0.195 | 0.369a | 0.196 |
Sample coverage: Male immigrants who participated in the labour force. | ||||||||||
Dependent variable | em (conditional on the participation in the labour force) | |||||||||
Models | ||||||||||
Independent variables | Model M.int.1 | Model M.int.2 | Model M.int.3 | Model M.int.4 | Model M.int.5 | |||||
Time effect interactions | Immigration category interactions | Ethnic group interactions | Education interactions | Official language interactions | ||||||
Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | |
Social networks | ||||||||||
Spouse currently employed | 0.392c | 0.073 | 0.376c | 0.073 | 0.37c | 0.073 | 0.373c | 0.073 | 0.372c | 0.073 |
Relatives living nearby upon landing | 0.183b | 0.075 | 0.183b | 0.076 | 0.18b | 0.076 | 0.182b | 0.075 | 0.183b | 0.076 |
Number of sources meeting friends | -0.081c | 0.019 | -0.095c | 0.018 | -0.098c | 0.018 | -0.097c | 0.018 | -0.097c | 0.018 |
Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.584c | 0.175 | -0.334 | 0.281 | 0.448b | 0.219 | 0.332a | 0.192 | 0.323 | 0.324 |
Frequency of contact with friends | 0.145 | 0.130 | 0.312b | 0.131 | 0.267b | 0.130 | 0.269b | 0.128 | 0.256b | 0.129 |
Time effects | ||||||||||
Wave2 | -0.055 | 0.395 | ||||||||
Wave3 | 0.437 | 0.431 | ||||||||
Interactions | ||||||||||
Wave2 * Ethnic diversity of friends | -0.355 | 0.242 | ||||||||
Wave3 * Ethnic diversity of friends | -0.526b | 0.243 | ||||||||
SWPA * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.831c | 0.317 | ||||||||
SWSD * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.824b | 0.407 | ||||||||
Refugees * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.342 | 0.382 | ||||||||
Others * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.447 | 0.466 | ||||||||
Chinese * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.426 | 0.372 | ||||||||
South Asian * Ethnic diversity of friends | -0.194 | 0.328 | ||||||||
Black * Ethnic diversity of friends | -0.955b | 0.461 | ||||||||
Filipino * Ethnic diversity of friends | -1.521b | 0.653 | ||||||||
Latin * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.639 | 0.658 | ||||||||
West Asian and Arab * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.018 | 0.341 | ||||||||
Other Asian * Ethnic diversity of friends | -1.021b | 0.504 | ||||||||
Other Visible Minority * Ethnic diversity of friends | -0.571 | 1.091 | ||||||||
High school diploma or less * Ethnic diversity of friends | -0.286 | 0.289 | ||||||||
Some post-secondary education * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.139 | 0.525 | ||||||||
College diploma or some university * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.03 | 0.341 | ||||||||
Master's degree or above * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.027 | 0.315 | ||||||||
English * Ethnic diversity of friends | -0.055 | 0.321 | ||||||||
French * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.05 | 0.259 | ||||||||
_cons | -1.611b | 0.624 | -0.659 | 0.520 | -0.927a | 0.544 | -0.831 | 0.521 | -0.834 | 0.524 |
No. of observations | 9843 | 9843 | 9843 | 9843 | 9843 | |||||
No. of groups | 3659 | 3659 | 3659 | 3659 | 3659 | |||||
Percent correctly predicted | 0.792 | 0.789 | 0.789 | 0.789 | 0.788 |
a p<0.1; b p<0.05; c p<0.01.
Reference categories are in brackets.
Data source: Longitudinal survey of immigrants to Canada (2005).
Sample coverage: Female immigrants who participated in the labour force. | ||||||||||
Dependent variable | em (conditional on the participation in the labour force) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Models | ||||||||||
Independent variables | Model F.int.1 | Model F.int.2 | Model F.int.3 | Model F.int.4 | Model F.int.5 | |||||
Time effect interactions | Immigration category interactions | Ethnic group interactions | Education interactions | Official language interactions | ||||||
Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | |
Immigration category [family] | ||||||||||
Skilled Workers (PA) | 0.322c | 0.122 | 0.04 | 0.199 | 0.324c | 0.121 | 0.331c | 0.121 | 0.33c | 0.121 |
Skilled Workers (S&D) | 0.07 | 0.100 | -0.121 | 0.157 | 0.078 | 0.101 | 0.081 | 0.100 | 0.084 | 0.099 |
Refugees | -0.223 | 0.147 | -0.402a | 0.215 | -0.212 | 0.145 | -0.223 | 0.146 | -0.211 | 0.145 |
Others | -0.117 | 0.142 | -0.485a | 0.251 | -0.112 | 0.143 | -0.117 | 0.142 | -0.112 | 0.141 |
Demographic variables | ||||||||||
Age | 0.047b | 0.024 | 0.051b | 0.024 | 0.049b | 0.024 | 0.05b | 0.024 | 0.05b | 0.024 |
Age2 | -0.087c | 0.030 | -0.093c | 0.030 | -0.09c | 0.030 | -0.091c | 0.029 | -0.092c | 0.029 |
Married | -0.018 | 0.105 | -0.01 | 0.104 | -0.022 | 0.104 | -0.019 | 0.104 | -0.022 | 0.104 |
Number of children | 0.04 | 0.056 | 0.041 | 0.056 | 0.04 | 0.056 | 0.041 | 0.055 | 0.038 | 0.055 |
Number of children in school age | -0.144b | 0.062 | -0.142b | 0.062 | -0.145b | 0.062 | -0.145b | 0.062 | -0.142b | 0.062 |
Number of preschool children | -0.83c | 0.084 | -0.837c | 0.083 | -0.834c | 0.083 | -0.835c | 0.083 | -0.831c | 0.083 |
Province of residence [Ontario] | ||||||||||
Atlantic Provinces | -0.558 | 0.364 | -0.597a | 0.358 | -0.619a | 0.351 | -0.582a | 0.351 | -0.575 | 0.354 |
Quebec | -0.434c | 0.131 | -0.423c | 0.130 | -0.438c | 0.131 | -0.418c | 0.131 | -0.416c | 0.131 |
Manitoba and Saskatchewan | 0.386 | 0.242 | 0.38 | 0.243 | 0.395 | 0.241 | 0.399 | 0.243 | 0.396 | 0.243 |
Alberta | 0.262c | 0.100 | 0.245b | 0.100 | 0.248b | 0.100 | 0.252b | 0.100 | 0.252b | 0.100 |
BC | -0.043 | 0.083 | -0.052 | 0.083 | -0.04 | 0.083 | -0.043 | 0.083 | -0.04 | 0.083 |
Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) | ||||||||||
Not in the Big 5 CMAs | -0.018 | 0.083 | -0.023 | 0.083 | -0.005 | 0.083 | -0.015 | 0.083 | -0.014 | 0.083 |
Region of birth [North America, UK and Western Europe] | ||||||||||
Asia and Pacific | -0.594b | 0.271 | -0.583b | 0.270 | -0.629b | 0.270 | -0.609b | 0.270 | -0.618b | 0.270 |
Central and South America | -0.552b | 0.260 | -0.516b | 0.258 | -0.621b | 0.255 | -0.577b | 0.257 | -0.58b | 0.257 |
Europe except UK and Western Europe | -0.465b | 0.202 | -0.463b | 0.200 | -0.502b | 0.200 | -0.477b | 0.200 | -0.488b | 0.200 |
Africa and Middle-East | -0.891c | 0.235 | -0.895c | 0.234 | -0.915c | 0.232 | -0.915c | 0.234 | -0.927c | 0.234 |
Population group [White] | ||||||||||
Chinese | -0.114 | 0.216 | -0.114 | 0.215 | -0.236 | 0.279 | -0.115 | 0.214 | -0.112 | 0.215 |
South Asian | 0.088 | 0.214 | 0.072 | 0.213 | -0.004 | 0.263 | 0.096 | 0.212 | 0.098 | 0.212 |
Black | 0.401a | 0.213 | 0.403a | 0.212 | 0.787b | 0.310 | 0.412a | 0.213 | 0.405a | 0.212 |
Filipino | 0.963c | 0.250 | 0.978c | 0.249 | 0.419 | 0.372 | 0.98c | 0.249 | 0.986c | 0.249 |
Latin | 0.165 | 0.264 | 0.134 | 0.263 | 0.113 | 0.503 | 0.177 | 0.263 | 0.178 | 0.262 |
West Asian and Arab | -0.059 | 0.197 | -0.054 | 0.196 | -0.302 | 0.275 | -0.057 | 0.197 | -0.051 | 0.196 |
Other Asian | -0.134 | 0.242 | -0.137 | 0.241 | 0.01 | 0.336 | -0.137 | 0.240 | -0.13 | 0.241 |
Other Visible Minority | -0.021 | 0.290 | 0.016 | 0.286 | -0.784 | 0.538 | 0.011 | 0.288 | 0.008 | 0.288 |
Education [Bachelor's Degree] | ||||||||||
High school diploma or less | -0.104 | 0.094 | -0.112 | 0.094 | -0.097 | 0.094 | -0.038 | 0.147 | -0.102 | 0.094 |
Some post-secondary education | 0.113 | 0.140 | 0.107 | 0.138 | 0.106 | 0.140 | 0.138 | 0.251 | 0.101 | 0.139 |
College diploma or some university | 0.089 | 0.093 | 0.084 | 0.093 | 0.087 | 0.093 | 0.173 | 0.170 | 0.082 | 0.092 |
Master's degree or above | -0.044 | 0.097 | -0.046 | 0.097 | -0.043 | 0.097 | 0.179 | 0.187 | -0.045 | 0.097 |
Currently in school | -0.784c | 0.083 | -0.789c | 0.083 | -0.797c | 0.083 | -0.796c | 0.083 | -0.799c | 0.083 |
Language Proficiency | ||||||||||
English | 0.008 | 0.091 | 0.019 | 0.091 | 0.007 | 0.092 | 0.002 | 0.091 | -0.109 | 0.140 |
French | -0.159 | 0.127 | -0.167 | 0.126 | -0.155 | 0.126 | -0.16 | 0.127 | 0.002 | 0.194 |
Experience | ||||||||||
Had work experience before landing | 0.35c | 0.088 | 0.349c | 0.088 | 0.336c | 0.089 | 0.34c | 0.088 | 0.343c | 0.088 |
Number of weeks in Canada after landing | 0.001 | 0.019 | -0.03c | 0.009 | -0.03c | 0.009 | -0.03c | 0.009 | -0.03c | 0.009 |
Number of weeks in Canada after landing2 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.031c | 0.007 | 0.031c | 0.007 | 0.032c | 0.007 | 0.031c | 0.007 |
Had an arranged job upon landing | 1.596c | 0.235 | 1.57c | 0.233 | 1.572c | 0.232 | 1.573c | 0.232 | 1.576c | 0.232 |
Visited Canada before landing | 0.097 | 0.105 | 0.11 | 0.104 | 0.102 | 0.104 | 0.11 | 0.105 | 0.101 | 0.104 |
Worked in Canada before landing | 0.23 | 0.247 | 0.225 | 0.249 | 0.216 | 0.247 | 0.231 | 0.249 | 0.218 | 0.249 |
Studied in Canada before landing | 0.075 | 0.192 | 0.061 | 0.192 | 0.087 | 0.190 | 0.071 | 0.191 | 0.068 | 0.190 |
Sample coverage: Female immigrants who participated in the labour force. | ||||||||||
Dependent variable | em (conditional on the participation in the labour force) | |||||||||
Social networks | ||||||||||
Spouse currently employed | 0.145b | 0.072 | 0.12a | 0.069 | 0.13a | 0.069 | 0.125a | 0.069 | 0.127a | 0.068 |
Relatives living nearby upon landing | 0.255c | 0.075 | 0.257c | 0.074 | 0.252c | 0.075 | 0.253c | 0.075 | 0.254c | 0.074 |
Friends living nearby upon landing | 0.279c | 0.069 | 0.281c | 0.068 | 0.283c | 0.069 | 0.277c | 0.069 | 0.278c | 0.068 |
Number of sources meeting friends | -0.134c | 0.020 | -0.141c | 0.020 | -0.143c | 0.020 | -0.142c | 0.020 | -0.141c | 0.020 |
Ethnic diversity of friends | -0.094 | 0.193 | 0.12 | 0.206 | 0.303 | 0.204 | 0.612c | 0.189 | 0.263 | 0.303 |
Frequency of contact with friends | 0.543c | 0.133 | 0.515c | 0.130 | 0.482c | 0.130 | 0.483c | 0.129 | 0.487c | 0.130 |
Time effects | ||||||||||
Wave2 | -1.006b | 0.424 | ||||||||
Wave3 | -0.827a | 0.466 | ||||||||
Interactions | ||||||||||
Wave2 * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.89c | 0.252 | ||||||||
Wave3 * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.731c | 0.246 | ||||||||
SWPA * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.597a | 0.323 | ||||||||
SWSD * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.437a | 0.263 | ||||||||
Refugees * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.427 | 0.359 | ||||||||
Others * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.85a | 0.462 | ||||||||
Chinese * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.249 | 0.377 | ||||||||
South Asian * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.183 | 0.288 | ||||||||
Black * Ethnic diversity of friends | -0.664 | 0.439 | ||||||||
Filipino * Ethnic diversity of friends | 1.301a | 0.680 | ||||||||
Latin * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.165 | 0.654 | ||||||||
West Asian and Arab * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.455 | 0.378 | ||||||||
Other Asian * Ethnic diversity of friends | -0.329 | 0.497 | ||||||||
Other Visible Minority * Ethnic diversity of friends | 1.559a | 0.864 | ||||||||
High school diploma or less * Ethnic diversity of friends | -0.132 | 0.269 | ||||||||
Some post-secondary education * Ethnic diversity of friends | -0.08 | 0.443 | ||||||||
College diploma or some university * Ethnic diversity of friends | -0.197 | 0.303 | ||||||||
Master's degree or above * Ethnic diversity of friends | -0.473 | 0.328 | ||||||||
English * Ethnic diversity of friends | 0.307 | 0.299 | ||||||||
French * Ethnic diversity of friends | -0.3 | 0.262 | ||||||||
_cons | -0.152 | 0.648 | 0.459 | 0.521 | 0.497 | 0.537 | 0.312 | 0.523 | 0.431 | 0.521 |
No. of observations | 7674 | 7674 | 7674 | 7674 | 7674 | |||||
No. of groups | 3201 | 3201 | 3201 | 3201 | 3201 | |||||
Percent correctly predicted | 0.720 | 0.721 | 0.722 | 0.720 | 0.721 |
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