Recent Immigrants in Metropolitan Areas: Calgary—A Comparative Profile Based on the 2001 Census

Part D: Participation in the Economy

Participation in the labour market

Labour force participation lower the more recent the arrival

Very recent immigrants are not as active in the labour market as the Canadian-born. The difference in labour force participation between very recent immigrants and the Canadian-born is 14% for women and 10% for men. Labour force participation of immigrants who have been in Canada for a longer period of time is more similar to that of the Canadian-born. A pattern of adjustment to and an increasing involvement of immigrants in the Canadian labour market with longer stay are evident in all three age groups, for both men and women. Earlier immigrant women in the 45 to 64 age group do not quite reach the level of participation of the Canadian-born, but those aged 25 to 44 have fully caught up. Young persons who immigrated before 1986 are more active in the labour market than the Canadian-born of the same age. This last group accounts for only a very small portion of earlier immigrants.

**Table D-1: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—labour force 15 to 64 years of age—age and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number)**
Women
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Canadian-born	41,190	105,110	53,680	199,980
Immigrants	5,550	29,810	22,520	57,870
Immigrated before 1986	1,230	12,170	16,680	30,080
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,840	11,150	4,350	18,330
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,470	6,490	1,500	9,460
Men
Canadian-born	45,360	122,350	63,330	231,030
Immigrants	5,780	32,140	28,460	66,370
Immigrated before 1986	1,200	14,100	21,630	36,920
Immigrated 1986-1995	3,120	11,200	4,720	19,040
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,450	6,840	2,110	10,400
Total
Canadian-born	86,550	227,450	117,010	431,010
Immigrants	11,320	61,950	50,980	124,240
Immigrated before 1986	2,430	26,270	38,320	67,020
Immigrated 1986-1995	5,970	22,350	9,060	37,370
Immigrated 1996-2001	2,920	13,330	3,610	19,860

Note: Tables D-1 to D-14 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed (actively looking for work).

**Table D-2: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by age and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
Women
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Canadian-born	73%	84%	74%	79%	199,980
Immigrants	64%	78%	69%	73%	57,870
Immigrated before 1986	83%	84%	70%	75%	30,080
Immigrated 1986-1995	65%	78%	68%	73%	18,330
Immigrated 1996-2001	52%	70%	62%	65%	9,460
Men
Canadian-born	76%	95%	88%	89%	231,030
Immigrants	63%	92%	87%	86%	66,370
Immigrated before 1986	79%	94%	88%	90%	36,920
Immigrated 1986-1995	63%	92%	86%	84%	19,040
Immigrated 1996-2001	54%	88%	81%	79%	10,400
Total
Canadian-born	74%	90%	81%	84%	431,010
Immigrants	64%	85%	78%	79%	124,240
Immigrated before 1986	81%	89%	79%	83%	67,020
Immigrated 1986-1995	64%	84%	76%	78%	37,370
Immigrated 1996-2001	53%	78%	72%	72%	19,860

Labour force participation was generally higher for most cohorts in the 2001 Census than in the 1996 Census. The young and old age cohorts showed greater gains than the middle age cohorts. Participation increased most among the very recent immigrant cohort: by four percentage points for very recent immigrant women, compared to one percentage point for other female groups, and three percentage points for very recent immigrant men, compared to zero to two percentage points for other male groups. Older very recent immigrants, both male and female, saw substantial gains.

Figure D-1: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by age and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001

Note: Figures D-1 and D-2 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed (actively looking for work).

Pattern of adjustment similar for most levels of education

Generally speaking, the higher the level of education, the greater the proportion of people who participate in the labour market. This observation holds for the Canadian-born as well as for all three cohorts of immigrants, with one major exception: men who immigrated after 1986 and who at the time of the 2001 Census had only attended elementary school had a higher participation rate than those with some high school.

**Table D-3: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—labour force 15 to 64 years of age—level of education and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number)**
Women
	Less than grade 9	Some high school	High school diploma	College or trade diploma	University degree	Total
Canadian-born	1,070	36,140	51,430	66,770	44,560	199,980
Immigrants	3,150	8,920	12,680	17,930	15,200	57,870
Immigrated before 1986	1,450	4,610	6,380	10,480	7,190	30,080
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,260	3,170	4,490	5,160	4,270	18,330
Immigrated 1996-2001	450	1,160	1,810	2,320	3,750	9,460
Men
Canadian-born	2,560	47,600	54,420	74,170	52,280	231,030
Immigrants	3,010	10,490	12,310	20,440	20,110	66,370
Immigrated before 1986	1,450	5,460	6,120	13,190	10,670	36,920
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,120	3,650	4,460	5,150	4,680	19,040
Immigrated 1996-2001	430	1,390	1,730	2,090	4,770	10,400
Total
Canadian-born	3,640	83,750	105,850	140,950	96,830	431,010
Immigrants	6,160	19,420	24,980	38,370	35,320	124,240
Immigrated before 1986	2,920	10,050	12,510	23,660	17,850	67,020
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,360	6,820	8,940	10,290	8,960	37,370
Immigrated 1996-2001	870	2,550	3,540	4,400	8,520	19,860

**Table D-4: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by level of education and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
Women
	Less than grade 9	Some high school	High school diploma	College or trade diploma	University degree	Total
Canadian-born	42%	64%	81%	84%	86%	79%
Immigrants	52%	64%	72%	78%	80%	73%
Immigrated before 1986	52%	68%	76%	79%	83%	75%
Immigrated 1986-1995	54%	63%	72%	80%	83%	73%
Immigrated 1996-2001	44%	52%	61%	74%	72%	65%
Men
Canadian-born	67%	77%	91%	94%	94%	89%
Immigrants	76%	76%	85%	91%	91%	86%
Immigrated before 1986	74%	86%	90%	91%	92%	90%
Immigrated 1986-1995	79%	71%	82%	93%	93%	84%
Immigrated 1996-2001	74%	57%	76%	88%	88%	79%
Total
Canadian-born	57%	71%	86%	89%	90%	84%
Immigrants	61%	70%	78%	85%	86%	79%
Immigrated before 1986	62%	77%	83%	85%	88%	83%
Immigrated 1986-1995	63%	67%	77%	86%	88%	78%
Immigrated 1996-2001	55%	54%	67%	80%	80%	72%

As well, immigrants with little schooling, even very recent immigrants, are equally or more active in the labour market than the Canadian-born with a low level of education. But at all other education levels there was a common pattern of relatively low participation rates for very recently landed immigrants and convergence to the rates of the Canadian-born for earlier cohorts.

Participation rates have generally increased since 1996. Recent immigrant women with post-secondary credentials and recent immigrant men and women without a high school diploma showed relatively larger gains, in the order of three percentage points. The higher labour force participation of very recent immigrants in 2000 compared to 1995—three percentage points for men and four percentage points for women—derives both from higher participation across the spectrum of education levels and an increase in the share of persons with post-secondary training.

Figure D-2: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by level of education and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001

Knowledge of English important for labour force participation

Most immigrants report that they have knowledge of either English or French when they immigrate to Canada. As reported at the time of the 2001 Census, the large majority of both men and women who immigrated during the 1990s and settled in Calgary have knowledge of English. Those who do not report having knowledge of English are not nearly as active in the labour market as those who do.

**Table D-5: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—labour force 15 to 64 years of age—knowledge of English and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number)**
Women
	Population	Labour force
	No English	No English	English	Total
Canadian-born	–	–	199,870	199,980
Immigrants	4,440	2,170	55,710	57,870
Immigrated before 1986	910	470	29,590	30,080
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,910	910	17,430	18,330
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,610	780	8,680	9,460
Men
Canadian-born	–	–	230,940	231,030
Immigrants	2,440	1,810	64,540	66,370
Immigrated before 1986	570	450	36,490	36,920
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,110	890	18,160	19,040
Immigrated 1996-2001	730	490	9,920	10,400
Total
Canadian-born	–	–	430,810	431,010
Immigrants	6,880	3,980	120,260	124,240
Immigrated before 1986	1,490	930	66,080	67,020
Immigrated 1986-1995	3,030	1,800	35,580	37,370
Immigrated 1996-2001	2,360	1,290	18,600	19,860

**Table D-6: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by knowledge of English and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
Women
	Population share	Labour force participation rate
	No English	No English	English	Total
Canadian-born	–	–	79%	79%
Immigrants	6%	49%	74%	73%
Immigrated before 1986	2%	52%	76%	75%
Immigrated 1986-1995	8%	48%	75%	73%
Immigrated 1996-2001	11%	48%	67%	65%
Men
Canadian-born	–	–	89%	89%
Immigrants	3%	74%	87%	86%
Immigrated before 1986	1%	79%	90%	90%
Immigrated 1986-1995	5%	80%	85%	84%
Immigrated 1996-2001	6%	67%	80%	79%
Total
Canadian-born	–	–	84%	84%
Immigrants	4%	58%	80%	79%
Immigrated before 1986	2%	62%	83%	83%
Immigrated 1986-1995	6%	60%	80%	78%
Immigrated 1996-2001	9%	55%	74%	72%

Unemployment not uncommon during initial years

Immigrants who are in their initial years in Calgary are more likely to experience unemployment than those who have been in the country for a longer period of time. For instance, very recently immigrated men in Calgary experienced unemployment rates from 6% to 9%, depending on their age group, and women experienced rates of 7% to 10%, depending on their age group. Unemployment is significantly lower among persons who immigrated before 1996, except in the 15-24 age group.

The unemployment rate among various age and gender cohorts was generally lower in 2001 than in 1996, mostly by one or two percentage points.

**Table D-7: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—unemployed 15 to 64 years of age—age and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number)**
Women
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Canadian-born	3,730	4,230	1,750	9,700
Immigrants	540	1,810	860	3,210
Immigrated before 1986	90	470	560	1,110
Immigrated 1986-1995	330	700	210	1,230
Immigrated 1996-2001	130	630	100	860
Men
Canadian-born	4,810	4,370	2,130	11,300
Immigrants	740	1,470	1,010	3,220
Immigrated before 1986	160	450	650	1,250
Immigrated 1986-1995	460	500	230	1,190
Immigrated 1996-2001	140	530	140	800
Total
Canadian-born	8,530	8,590	3,880	20,990
Immigrants	1,280	3,280	1,870	6,420
Immigrated before 1986	240	920	1,210	2,370
Immigrated 1986-1995	780	1,210	430	2,420
Immigrated 1996-2001	270	1,160	230	1,650

**Table D-8: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—unemployment rates, by age and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
Women
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Canadian-born	9%	4%	3%	5%	9,700
Immigrants	10%	6%	4%	6%	3,210
Immigrated before 1986	7%	4%	3%	4%	1,110
Immigrated 1986-1995	11%	6%	5%	7%	1,230
Immigrated 1996-2001	9%	10%	7%	9%	860
Men
Canadian-born	11%	4%	3%	5%	11,300
Immigrants	13%	5%	4%	5%	3,220
Immigrated before 1986	13%	3%	3%	3%	1,250
Immigrated 1986-1995	15%	4%	5%	6%	1,190
Immigrated 1996-2001	9%	8%	6%	8%	800
Total
Canadian-born	10%	4%	3%	5%	20,990
Immigrants	11%	5%	4%	5%	6,420
Immigrated before 1986	10%	4%	3%	4%	2,370
Immigrated 1986-1995	13%	5%	5%	6%	2,420
Immigrated 1996-2001	9%	9%	6%	8%	1,650

**Table D-9: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—unemployed 15 to 64 years of age—level of education and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number)**
Women
	Less than grade 9	Some high school	High school diploma	College or trade diploma	University degree	Total
Canadian-born	100	2,520	2,750	2,690	1,630	9,700
Immigrants	190	570	770	780	900	3,210
Immigrated before 1986	70	210	290	380	230	1,110
Immigrated 1986-1995	100	270	380	230	260	1,230
Immigrated 1996-2001	50	110	120	180	430	860
Men
Canadian-born	200	3,600	3,110	2,740	1,650	11,300
Immigrants	190	600	770	830	850	3,220
Immigrated before 1986	90	200	290	450	240	1,250
Immigrated 1986-1995	80	300	390	240	200	1,190
Immigrated 1996-2001	20	120	110	150	410	800
Total
Canadian-born	290	6,120	5,870	5,440	3,280	20,990
Immigrants	380	1,180	1,530	1,600	1,750	6,420
Immigrated before 1986	160	400	550	820	460	2,370
Immigrated 1986-1995	170	540	760	470	470	2,420
Immigrated 1996-2001	60	220	230	320	840	1,650

Generally, earlier immigrant cohorts have lower unemployment rates than more recent immigrant cohorts in Calgary at all levels of education. For instance, men who immigrated after 1996 and who have a university degree have an unemployment rate of 9%. The rate drops to 4% for men who landed between 1986 and 1995 and 2% for earlier male immigrants. This pattern does not hold for recent immigrant women with a high school diploma and recent immigrant men with a high school education or less. In these education groups, very recent immigrants have lower unemployment rates than earlier immigrants with the same levels of education.

**Table D-10: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—unemployment rates, by level of education and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
Women
	Less than grade 9	Some high school	High school diploma	College or trade diploma	University degree	Total
Canadian-born	9%	7%	5%	4%	4%	5%
Immigrants	6%	6%	6%	4%	6%	6%
Immigrated before 1986	4%	5%	4%	4%	3%	4%
Immigrated 1986-1995	8%	8%	8%	4%	6%	7%
Immigrated 1996-2001	10%	10%	7%	8%	11%	9%
Men
Canadian-born	8%	8%	6%	4%	3%	5%
Immigrants	6%	6%	6%	4%	4%	5%
Immigrated before 1986	6%	4%	5%	3%	2%	3%
Immigrated 1986-1995	7%	8%	9%	5%	4%	6%
Immigrated 1996-2001	3%	8%	6%	7%	9%	8%
Total
Canadian-born	8%	7%	6%	4%	3%	5%
Immigrants	6%	6%	6%	4%	5%	5%
Immigrated before 1986	5%	4%	4%	3%	3%	4%
Immigrated 1986-1995	7%	8%	9%	5%	5%	6%
Immigrated 1996-2001	6%	9%	7%	7%	10%	8%

Recent immigrant women experience more unemployment than recent immigrant men, irrespective of their education level. The gap between recent immigrants and the Canadian-born is also slightly larger for women than for men at any level of education.

**Table D-11: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—unemployed 15 to 64 years of age—knowledge of English and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number)**
Women
	Labour force	Unemployed
	No English	No English	English	Total
Canadian-born	–	–	9,680	9,700
Immigrants	2,170	140	3,060	3,210
Immigrated before 1986	470	20	1,090	1,110
Immigrated 1986-1995	910	70	1,170	1,230
Immigrated 1996-2001	780	50	820	860
Men
Canadian-born	–	–	11,280	11,300
Immigrants	1,810	120	3,100	3,220
Immigrated before 1986	450	30	1,240	1,250
Immigrated 1986-1995	890	80	1,120	1,190
Immigrated 1996-2001	490	30	770	800
Total
Canadian-born	–	–	20,980	20,990
Immigrants	3,980	260	6,170	6,420
Immigrated before 1986	930	50	2,330	2,370
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,800	140	2,270	2,420
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,290	80	1,580	1,650

All cohorts except recent immigrant men with a high school diploma had the same or lower unemployment rates in 2001 than in 1996. The unemployment rate declined noticeably for recent and very recent immigrant women at all levels of education as well as for very recent immigrant men with an elementary education.

**Table D-12: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—unemployment rates, by knowledge of English and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
Women
	Share of labour force	Unemployment rate
	No English	No English	English	Total
Canadian-born	–	–	5%	5%
Immigrants	4%	6%	5%	6%
Immigrated before 1986	2%	4%	4%	4%
Immigrated 1986-1995	5%	7%	7%	7%
Immigrated 1996-2001	8%	6%	9%	9%
Men
Canadian-born	–	–	5%	5%
Immigrants	3%	7%	5%	5%
Immigrated before 1986	1%	7%	3%	3%
Immigrated 1986-1995	5%	8%	6%	6%
Immigrated 1996-2001	5%	6%	8%	8%
Total
Canadian-born	–	–	5%	5%
Immigrants	3%	7%	5%	5%
Immigrated before 1986	1%	5%	4%	4%
Immigrated 1986-1995	5%	8%	6%	6%
Immigrated 1996-2001	6%	6%	8%	8%

Recent immigrants who report knowledge of English are about as likely to be unemployed as those who do not report knowledge of English.

Share of men and women with jobs increases with length of stay

Six in ten very recent immigrant women aged 15 to 64 are employed, compared to three in four Canadian-born women. For men the difference is smaller: nearly three in four very recent immigrants are employed compared to more than eight in ten Canadian-born men. As shown in the previous pages, these differences in employment rates reflect mainly differences in labour force participation rates.

**Table D-13: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 15 to 64 years of age—age and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number)**
Women
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Canadian-born	37,470	100,880	51,930	190,280
Immigrants	5,010	28,000	21,660	54,670
Immigrated before 1986	1,160	11,700	16,120	28,970
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,520	10,450	4,140	17,100
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,340	5,860	1,400	8,600
Men
Canadian-born	40,560	117,980	61,200	219,740
Immigrants	5,040	30,670	27,450	63,150
Immigrated before 1986	1,050	13,650	20,990	35,690
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,670	10,700	4,490	17,860
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,320	6,320	1,970	9,610
Total
Canadian-born	78,020	218,860	113,130	410,010
Immigrants	10,040	58,670	49,110	117,810
Immigrated before 1986	2,200	25,350	37,100	64,640
Immigrated 1986-1995	5,190	21,150	8,630	34,960
Immigrated 1996-2001	2,660	12,180	3,380	18,210

**Table D-14: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—employment rates, by age and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
Women
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Canadian-born	66%	81%	72%	75%	190,280
Immigrants	58%	73%	66%	69%	54,670
Immigrated before 1986	78%	80%	68%	73%	28,970
Immigrated 1986-1995	57%	73%	64%	68%	17,100
Immigrated 1996-2001	48%	63%	58%	59%	8,600
Men
Canadian-born	68%	92%	85%	84%	219,740
Immigrants	55%	88%	84%	82%	63,150
Immigrated before 1986	69%	91%	85%	87%	35,690
Immigrated 1986-1995	54%	88%	82%	79%	17,860
Immigrated 1996-2001	49%	81%	75%	73%	9,610
Total
Canadian-born	67%	86%	79%	80%	410,010
Immigrants	56%	80%	75%	75%	117,810
Immigrated before 1986	73%	86%	76%	80%	64,640
Immigrated 1986-1995	56%	80%	73%	73%	34,960
Immigrated 1996-2001	48%	71%	67%	66%	18,210

Among immigrants who landed before 1986, employment is more common than among the more recently landed. For men and women aged 25 to 44 and 45 to 64, the employment rate of immigrants who landed before 1986 is zero to four percentage points lower than the employment rate of the Canadian-born.

In 2001, the share of people with jobs was the same or higher among all cohorts than in 1996. The changes were greater for the younger and older cohorts than for those at prime working age; most immigrant cohorts experienced a greater change than the Canadian-born experienced. Older very recent immigrants, both men and women, saw the greatest gains, with growth of 11 and 18 percentage points respectively, compared with zero to eight percentage points in all other categories.

The jobs of recent immigrants

Part-time jobs more common for very recent immigrants aged 25 to 64

The proportion of employed persons who work part-time varies considerably by age and gender, both for immigrants and the Canadian-born. Half of employed young adults work part-time. Between one-fifth to one-third of employed immigrant women aged 25 to 64 (varying by cohort) work part-time, compared to one-quarter of employed Canadian-born women. In contrast, 5% to 11% of employed immigrant men aged 25 to 64 (varying by cohort) and 5% of employed Canadian-born men work part-time.

**Table D-15: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age, employed mostly part-time—age and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2000 (number)**
Women
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Canadian-born	23,910	25,740	13,760	63,400
Immigrants	3,180	6,770	5,710	15,650
Immigrated before 1986	690	2,790	4,330	7,800
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,900	2,630	930	5,460
Immigrated 1996-1999	590	1,360	450	2,400
Men
Canadian-born	21,390	6,060	4,020	31,470
Immigrants	2,940	1,870	1,950	6,750
Immigrated before 1986	450	740	1,440	2,620
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,810	720	330	2,850
Immigrated 1996-1999	690	410	180	1,280
Total
Canadian-born	45,290	31,800	17,780	94,870
Immigrants	6,110	8,650	7,640	22,400
Immigrated before 1986	1,140	3,540	5,760	10,440
Immigrated 1986-1995	3,690	3,350	1,260	8,290
Immigrated 1996-1999	1,280	1,770	630	3,670

Note: Tables D-15 and D-16 do not include immigrants who landed in 2000 or 2001. Only persons who landed before 2000 are included among immigrants and very recent immigrants. Part-time employment is defined as having worked less than 30 hours per week during most of the weeks worked in the year 2000.

**Table D-16: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—percentage of employed working mostly part-time, by age and gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2000**
Women
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Canadian-born	53%	23%	24%	30%
Immigrants	58%	23%	24%	27%
Immigrated before 1986	53%	22%	25%	25%
Immigrated 1986-1995	63%	22%	21%	28%
Immigrated 1996-1999	51%	27%	34%	32%
Men
Canadian-born	44%	5%	6%	13%
Immigrants	49%	6%	7%	10%
Immigrated before 1986	34%	5%	7%	7%
Immigrated 1986-1995	52%	6%	7%	15%
Immigrated 1996-1999	55%	8%	11%	16%
Total
Canadian-born	48%	14%	15%	21%
Immigrants	53%	14%	15%	18%
Immigrated before 1986	44%	13%	15%	15%
Immigrated 1986-1995	57%	14%	14%	21%
Immigrated 1996-1999	54%	18%	21%	24%

Part-time employment is more common for very recent immigrants of either gender and aged 25 to 44 or 45 to 64 than for other population groups, but this is not so for those aged 15 to 24.

The prevalence of part-time employment was somewhat lower in 2001 than in 1996 for the 25 to 44 and 45 to 64 age groups. The very recent immigrant young male cohort saw an increase in part-time employment in 2001, as compared to 1996.

Many recent immigrants in sales and service and processing occupations

Employed immigrant women are more likely than their Canadian-born counterparts to work in sales and service and processing jobs. One in three employed recent immigrant women work in sales and service jobs, compared to two in ten Canadian-born women. For recent immigrant men, processing occupations are an important area of employment, but the share of jobs in sales and service occupations is only slightly higher than for the Canadian-born. By contrast, administrative, management and social occupations, which are favoured by the Canadian-born, account for a smaller share of the jobs of earlier and recent immigrants.

Table D-17: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born, employed 25 to 64 years of age—occupation groups by gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number and percentage distribution)
Women
	Sales and services	Process- ing	Adminis- trative	Manage- ment and social sciences	Trades, transport	Health, science	Total
Canadian-born	29,140	3,110	55,720	39,760	3,130	21,970	152,810
Immigrants	14,700	3,420	13,230	9,710	1,260	7,360	49,660
Immigrated before 1986	6,990	1,160	8,820	6,200	670	3,980	27,810
Immigrated 1986-1995	5,030	1,540	3,120	2,270	470	2,160	14,590
Immigrated 1996-2001	2,690	730	1,290	1,230	120	1,220	7,260
Men
Canadian-born	26,110	10,170	19,680	47,030	44,890	31,320	179,180
Immigrants	9,620	5,910	4,900	11,920	13,360	12,420	58,110
Immigrated before 1986	5,550	2,420	3,180	8,340	8,050	7,120	34,640
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,620	2,340	1,110	2,340	3,900	2,910	15,190
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,460	1,160	620	1,250	1,410	2,410	8,300
Total
Canadian-born	55,240	13,270	75,390	86,770	48,030	53,280	331,990
Immigrants	24,310	9,320	18,120	21,630	14,620	19,780	107,770
Immigrated before 1986	12,530	3,580	11,990	14,540	8,720	11,100	62,440
Immigrated 1986-1995	7,650	3,870	4,220	4,600	4,370	5,060	29,780
Immigrated 1996-2001	4,150	1,880	1,900	2,480	1,530	3,620	15,550

Women
Canadian-born	19%	2%	36%	26%	2%	14%	152,810
Immigrants	30%	7%	27%	20%	3%	15%	49,660
Immigrated before 1986	25%	4%	32%	22%	2%	14%	27,810
Immigrated 1986-1995	34%	11%	21%	16%	3%	15%	14,590
Immigrated 1996-2001	37%	10%	18%	17%	2%	17%	7,260
Men
Canadian-born	15%	6%	11%	26%	25%	17%	179,180
Immigrants	17%	10%	8%	21%	23%	21%	58,110
Immigrated before 1986	16%	7%	9%	24%	23%	21%	34,640
Immigrated 1986-1995	17%	15%	7%	15%	26%	19%	15,190
Immigrated 1996-2001	18%	14%	7%	15%	17%	29%	8,300
Total
Canadian-born	17%	4%	23%	26%	14%	16%	331,990
Immigrants	23%	9%	17%	20%	14%	18%	107,770
Immigrated before 1986	20%	6%	19%	23%	14%	18%	62,440
Immigrated 1986-1995	26%	13%	14%	15%	15%	17%	29,780
Immigrated 1996-2001	27%	12%	12%	16%	10%	23%	15,550

Note: Job characteristics presented in Tables D-17 to D-20 relate to jobs held at the time of the census or the job of longest duration from January 2000 to May 15, 2001. The information pertains to persons 25 to 64 years of age. Younger people are not included here since many of them are still in school, and their jobs tend to be short-term and part-time and less likely to be related to their education and career choices than the jobs of older adults. Occupation groups are defined in the Glossary.

Figure D-3: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born, employed 25 to 64 years of age—occupation groups, by gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (percentage distribution)

Note: Job characteristics presented in Figures D-3 to D-6 relate to jobs held at the time of the census or the job of longest duration from January 2000 to May 15, 2001. The information pertains to persons 25 to 64 years of age. Younger people are not included here since many of them are still in school, and their jobs tend to be short-term and part-time and less likely to be related to their education and career choices than the jobs of older adults. Occupation groups are defined in the Glossary.

The distribution of occupations of very recent immigrants is quite similar to that of earlier cohorts, with a few exceptions: a higher proportion of very recent immigrants than earlier immigrants work in health and science fields, especially among male immigrants, and a much lower proportion work in trades and transport occupations. The proportion of very recent immigrants employed in health and science fields is also significantly higher than the proportion of the Canadian-born in these fields. This is something specific to the latest cohort, as five years earlier in the 1996 Census the prevalence of health and science occupations among employed immigrants was quite similar across all cohorts, including very recent immigrants.

Compared to 1996, sales and service and processing occupations have become much less important as a source of employment for the very recent immigrant cohort in 2001, with declines of 18% for women and 13% for men. Health and science occupations and management and social occupations became more important for the very recent immigrant cohort.

Many very recent immigrants in manufacturing and hospitality sectors

In Calgary, relative to the Canadian-born, a large proportion of employed recent immigrants aged 25 to 64 work in manufacturing industries and in hospitality and other services industries. By contrast, the construction and transportation industries and the public sector account for a smaller share of jobs of recent immigrants than of the Canadian-born.

Compared to 1996, employment in business services industries and the public sector among the very recent immigrant cohort is more prevalent, and employment in hospitality and other services industries is less prevalent.

Table D-18: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born, employed 25 to 64 years of age—industry sector, by gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number and percentage distribution)
Women
	Manu- facturing	Construc- tion and Transpor- tation	Trade	Busi- ness services	Public sector	Hospitality and other services	Total
Canadian-born	16,800	14,930	22,310	33,810	47,940	17,040	152,820
Immigrants	6,830	2,920	6,490	9,220	13,600	10,610	49,660
Immigrated before 1986	3,370	1,890	3,640	5,700	8,350	4,890	27,820
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,360	820	1,820	2,220	3,590	3,770	14,590
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,090	240	1,050	1,290	1,670	1,940	7,270
Men
Canadian-born	32,440	47,190	30,400	36,590	18,460	14,090	179,180
Immigrants	13,750	11,520	7,880	11,980	5,790	7,210	58,110
Immigrated before 1986	7,040	7,380	4,860	7,360	3,980	4,050	34,630
Immigrated 1986-1995	4,470	2,990	1,980	2,500	1,150	2,130	15,190
Immigrated 1996-2001	2,220	1,170	1,060	2,150	670	1,030	8,290
Total
Canadian-born	49,240	62,130	52,720	70,420	66,380	31,120	331,990
Immigrants	20,590	14,440	14,360	21,190	19,380	17,810	107,770
Immigrated before 1986	10,460	9,240	8,490	13,030	12,300	8,960	62,450
Immigrated 1986-1995	6,830	3,800	3,800	4,710	4,750	5,900	29,780
Immigrated 1996-2001	3,320	1,410	2,090	3,430	2,350	2,970	15,550

Women
Canadian-born	11%	10%	15%	22%	31%	11%	100%
Immigrants	14%	6%	13%	19%	27%	21%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	12%	7%	13%	20%	30%	18%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	16%	6%	12%	15%	25%	26%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	15%	3%	14%	18%	23%	27%	100%
Men
Canadian-born	18%	26%	17%	20%	10%	8%	100%
Immigrants	24%	20%	14%	21%	10%	12%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	20%	21%	14%	21%	11%	12%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	29%	20%	13%	16%	8%	14%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	27%	14%	13%	26%	8%	12%	100%
Total
Canadian-born	15%	19%	16%	21%	20%	9%	100%
Immigrants	19%	13%	13%	20%	18%	17%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	17%	15%	14%	21%	20%	14%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	23%	13%	13%	16%	16%	20%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	21%	9%	13%	22%	15%	19%	100%

Figure D-4: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born, employed 25 to 64 years of age—industry sector, by gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (percentage distribution)

Skill requirements of jobs of recent immigrants lower

The jobs of recent immigrants require lower skills than the jobs of the Canadian-born. One in three jobs of Canadian-born women requires the highest level of skill, a university education. For immigrant women who landed after 1996, only one in four jobs requires a university education. There is a larger gap for women than for men between recent immigrants and the Canadian-born in the skill requirements of their jobs.

Table D-19: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born, employed 25 to 64 years of age—skill requirements of jobs, by gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number and percentage distribution)
Women
	No formal education	High school plus job training	College or trade appren-ticeship	University	Total
Canadian-born	8,250	48,990	43,010	52,590	152,820
Immigrants	7,360	16,170	12,950	13,190	49,660
Immigrated before 1986	3,000	8,570	7,880	8,390	27,820
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,780	5,100	3,550	3,160	14,590
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,580	2,510	1,520	1,660	7,270
Men
Canadian-born	11,330	39,470	58,100	70,270	179,180
Immigrants	5,380	13,440	18,360	20,930	58,110
Immigrated before 1986	2,550	6,910	11,470	13,710	34,630
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,710	4,430	4,880	4,170	15,190
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,120	2,100	2,020	3,060	8,290
Total
Canadian-born	19,570	88,460	101,110	122,850	331,990
Immigrants	12,730	29,600	31,320	34,120	107,770
Immigrated before 1986	5,540	15,470	19,350	22,080	62,450
Immigrated 1986-1995	4,500	9,530	8,430	7,320	29,770
Immigrated 1996-2001	2,700	4,600	3,540	4,720	15,550

Women
Canadian-born	5%	32%	28%	34%	100%
Immigrants	15%	33%	26%	27%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	11%	31%	28%	30%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	19%	35%	24%	22%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	22%	35%	21%	23%	100%
Men
Canadian-born	6%	22%	32%	39%	100%
Immigrants	9%	23%	32%	36%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	7%	20%	33%	40%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	11%	29%	32%	27%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	14%	25%	24%	37%	100%
Total
Canadian-born	6%	27%	30%	37%	100%
Immigrants	12%	27%	29%	32%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	9%	25%	31%	35%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	15%	32%	28%	25%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	17%	30%	23%	30%	100%

For both men and women, the skill requirement of jobs of immigrants who landed before 1986 is closer to that of the Canadian-born. The jobs of very recent immigrants and those of immigrants who landed during the 1986-1995 period have similar skill requirements.

Compared to 1996, the very recent immigrant cohort has jobs with higher skill requirements. The proportion of very recent immigrants with jobs requiring college, trade or university level education was more than 10 percentage points higher in 2001 than in 1996, for both men and women.

Figure D-5: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 25 to 64 years of age—skill requirements of jobs, by gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (percentage distribution)

The information presented in Table D-19 does not directly indicate whether the skills of recent immigrants are fully or less than fully employed in the economy. To determine this, one has to compare the skill levels of jobs of employed recent immigrants with the level of education of employed recent immigrants. This is done in Table D-20 for persons holding a university degree.

Education of recent immigrants not fully utilized

The jobs of recent immigrants with a university degree do not require the same level of skill as the jobs of Canadian-born persons with a university degree. About seven in ten employed Canadian-born women with a university degree have a job requiring a university degree. But less than four in ten employed women with university degrees who immigrated after 1995 have a job that requires a university degree. As for men with a university degree, three in four Canadian-born men but only six in ten very recent immigrant men have a job requiring a university education.

The skill requirements of jobs of university graduates were higher in 2001 than in 1996, mainly in the form of a shift from jobs requiring no formal education or a high school diploma to jobs requiring a college or trade apprenticeship or a university education. For Canadian-born men and women, the shift was four percentage points; immigrants who had been in the country more than 15 years or from 5 to 15 years experienced a larger shift of four to eight points for men and two to three points for women. For immigrants who landed in the five years before the census, the shift from jobs requiring high school or less to jobs requiring college or trade apprenticeships or more was approximately four percentage points for men and seven percentage points for women.

Table D-20: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed university graduates, 25 to 64 years of age—skill requirements of jobs, by gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number and percentage distribution)
Women
	No formal education	High school plus job training	College or trade apprenticeship	University	Total
Canadian-born	480	5,090	6,960	26,960	39,480
Immigrants	830	2,940	2,780	7,150	13,680
Immigrated before 1986	170	1,040	1,200	4,300	6,700
Immigrated 1986-1995	270	940	910	1,700	3,820
Immigrated 1996-2001	380	970	670	1,140	3,150
Men
Canadian-born	680	3,580	7,030	37,000	48,300
Immigrants	650	2,220	3,130	12,970	18,970
Immigrated before 1986	240	790	1,440	7,850	10,320
Immigrated 1986-1995	140	670	910	2,620	4,330
Immigrated 1996-2001	280	750	790	2,510	4,330
Total
Canadian-born	1,150	8,680	14,000	63,960	87,790
Immigrants	1,460	5,140	5,920	20,120	32,630
Immigrated before 1986	400	1,820	2,640	12,150	17,020
Immigrated 1986-1995	410	1,600	1,830	4,320	8,140
Immigrated 1996-2001	660	1,720	1,460	3,650	7,480

Women
Canadian-born	1%	13%	18%	68%	100%
Immigrants	6%	21%	20%	52%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	2%	16%	18%	64%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	7%	24%	24%	44%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	12%	31%	21%	36%	100%
Men
Canadian-born	1%	7%	15%	77%	100%
Immigrants	3%	12%	17%	68%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	2%	8%	14%	76%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	3%	15%	21%	60%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	6%	17%	18%	58%	100%
Total
Canadian-born	1%	10%	16%	73%	100%
Immigrants	4%	16%	18%	62%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	2%	11%	15%	71%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	5%	20%	22%	53%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	9%	23%	20%	49%	100%

Figure D-6: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—25 to 64 years of age—percentage of employed university graduates with jobs requiring university education, by gender, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2001

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