Recent Immigrants in Metropolitan Areas: Winnipeg—A Comparative Profile Based on the 2001 Census
Part E: Income
Sources and level of income
Sources of income vary by time in Canada
Seven in ten Canadian-born women and eight in ten Canadian-born men had earnings from employment in the year 2000. A larger share of recent immigrants than of the Canadian-born have income from employment.
No income | Employment income | Other private income | Government transfers | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 8,930 | 151,650 | 78,030 | 153,590 | 221,220 |
Immigrants | 1,570 | 32,020 | 17,440 | 39,960 | 52,420 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 780 | 20,090 | 14,530 | 27,840 | 36,400 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 550 | 9,310 | 2,170 | 9,410 | 12,380 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 250 | 2,630 | 750 | 2,710 | 3,640 |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 6,240 | 160,750 | 61,510 | 123,440 | 204,730 |
Immigrants | 690 | 35,670 | 15,170 | 34,020 | 48,570 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 60 | 22,760 | 13,050 | 23,540 | 33,270 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 430 | 10,120 | 1,550 | 8,190 | 11,870 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 210 | 2,800 | 570 | 2,300 | 3,430 |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 15,170 | 312,400 | 139,530 | 277,020 | 425,950 |
Immigrants | 2,260 | 67,680 | 32,630 | 73,980 | 101,000 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 830 | 42,840 | 27,590 | 51,380 | 69,680 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 980 | 19,420 | 3,730 | 17,590 | 24,250 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 450 | 5,430 | 1,320 | 5,010 | 7,070 |
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 4% | 69% | 35% | 69% | 100% |
Immigrants | 3% | 61% | 33% | 76% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | 2% | 55% | 40% | 76% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 4% | 75% | 17% | 76% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 7% | 72% | 20% | 74% | 100% |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 3% | 79% | 30% | 60% | 100% |
Immigrants | 1% | 73% | 31% | 70% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 68% | 39% | 71% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 4% | 85% | 13% | 69% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 6% | 81% | 17% | 67% | 100% |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 4% | 73% | 33% | 65% | 100% |
Immigrants | 2% | 67% | 32% | 73% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | 1% | 61% | 40% | 74% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 4% | 80% | 15% | 73% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 6% | 77% | 19% | 71% | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. A person may have income from one, two or all three sources. The three sources are defined in the Glossary.
The share of persons with employment income was generally higher in 2000 than in 1995. It increased by about four percentage points for the Canadian-born and recent immigrants.
Very recent immigrants are much more likely than the Canadian-born and earlier immigrants to have no income. Immigrants who landed during the 1986-1995 period are equally likely as the Canadian-born to have no income, and immigrants who landed before 1986 are less likely than the Canadian-born to have no income. The incidence of zero income among very recent immigrant women declined from 13% in 1995 to 7% in 2000 and remained the same for very recent immigrant men.
The share of recent immigrants with other private income—for example, income from investments or pension plans—is well below the share of the Canadian-born and earlier immigrants with other private income. Compared to 1995, the proportion of persons in the very recent immigrant cohort with private income has increased by five percentage points.
The incidence of transfer payment income is higher among immigrants than among the Canadian-born. The high proportion of earlier immigrants receiving transfer payments from government likely reflects the high share of seniors in this group, who generally receive Old Age Security and Canada or Quebec Pension Plan benefits. The incidence of transfer payment income has shifted markedly from men to women since 1995, as in 2000 child benefit payments were made to the mother of the child.
Average income higher for immigrants who have been in Canada longer
Considering only persons who reported income in the year 2000, the average income of immigrants who landed between 1996 and 1999 was lower than that of the Canadian-born. Those who immigrated before 1986 had approximately the same average income as the Canadian-born. For very recent immigrants, average income was two-thirds of the average income of the Canadian-born. Those who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period had an average income of about three-quarters the income of the Canadian-born.
Sources of average income | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average income of persons with income | Employment income |
Other private income | Government transfers | Total | |
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | $23,210 | 72% | 12% | 15% | 100% |
Immigrants | $21,030 | 66% | 12% | 21% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | $22,650 | 62% | 15% | 23% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | $17,930 | 80% | 5% | 16% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | $14,800 | 80% | 5% | 16% | 100% |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | $35,280 | 81% | 11% | 8% | 100% |
Immigrants | $33,850 | 77% | 11% | 11% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | $37,250 | 73% | 14% | 13% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | $26,470 | 90% | 3% | 7% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | $25,000 | 88% | 4% | 7% | 100% |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | $29,040 | 77% | 12% | 11% | 100% |
Immigrants | $27,250 | 73% | 12% | 15% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | $29,700 | 69% | 14% | 17% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | $22,130 | 86% | 4% | 10% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | $19,760 | 85% | 4% | 11% | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
Compared to 1995, average income of very recent immigrants increased more than that of other cohorts, by 60% for men and by 40% for women. For the Canadian-born, the increase was 20% for women and 16% for men. The other immigrant cohorts showed gains from 17% to 23%.
The average income of women is between 60% and 68% of that of men for the Canadian-born and the three immigrant cohorts.
Earnings from employment account for the bulk of income of all groups and make up a larger proportion of income of recent immigrants than of persons born in Canada. The share of income from employment was much the same as in 1995, except for among very recent immigrant men, who experienced an increase of six percentage points.
The share of other private income was much lower for recent immigrants than for the Canadian-born, while transfer payments from government made up a similar portion of the income of both groups.
Earnings of recent immigrants who worked mostly full-time lower than average
The wages and salaries earned by recent immigrants who worked mostly full-time in 2000 are well below the Winnipeg average. By contrast, earlier immigrants had slightly higher average wages and salaries than the Canadian-born.
Amount | Percentage of overall average | |
---|---|---|
Canadian-born | $35,280 | 102% |
Immigrants | $32,030 | 92% |
Immigrated before 1986 | $35,580 | 103% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | $26,100 | 75% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | $24,150 | 70% |
All who worked mostly full-time | $34,670 | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
The relative level of wages and salaries of very recent immigrants in Winnipeg, at 70% of the average, was higher in 2000 than in 1995 by 17 percentage points. For those who had been in the country from five to 15 years, it did not change.
Transfer payments a larger share of income of households of non-seniors
In the year 2000, the large majority of households received transfer payments from government. Recent immigrant households were more likely to receive transfer payments from government than other households. On average, however, the payments received were lower, both in dollar terms and relative to income.
Transfer payments vary considerably with the age of the oldest person in the household, and so do differences between recent immigrant, earlier immigrant and Canadian-born households. Recent immigrant households of the very young receive lower amounts than their Canadian-born and earlier immigrant counterparts. As for households of persons aged 25 to 44 and 45 to 64, recent immigrant households were both more likely to receive transfer payments and to receive larger amounts than the Canadian-born.
15 to 24 years | 25 to 44 years | 45 to 65 years | 65 years and over | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Share of households receiving government transfer payments | |||||
Canadian-born households | 89% | 86% | 80% | 100% | 87% |
Earlier immigrant households | 93% | 86% | 83% | 100% | 90% |
Recent immigrant households | 86% | 93% | 93% | 100% | 94% |
1986-1995 immigrants | 90% | 93% | 92% | 100% | 94% |
1996-1999 immigrants with others | 83% | 93% | 96% | 100% | 93% |
1996-1999 immigrants only | 67% | 96% | 95% | 92% | 94% |
Average amount of transfer per receiving household | |||||
Canadian-born households | $2,870 | $3,110 | $3,280 | $16,250 | $5,970 |
Earlier immigrant households | $2,230 | $3,420 | $3,880 | $17,020 | $8,660 |
Recent immigrant households | $2,280 | $3,880 | $4,460 | $15,680 | $5,050 |
1986-1995 immigrants | $2,640 | $3,820 | $4,190 | $15,980 | $5,010 |
1996-1999 immigrants with others | - | $4,140 | $5,180 | $15,790 | $5,840 |
1996-1999 immigrants only | $920 | $3,900 | $5,810 | $9,370 | $4,470 |
Transfers as a share of income, all households | |||||
Canadian-born households | 12% | 5% | 4% | 41% | 10% |
Earlier immigrant households | 8% | 5% | 4% | 40% | 13% |
Recent immigrant households | 11% | 7% | 7% | 29% | 9% |
1986-1995 immigrants | 12% | 7% | 7% | 29% | 9% |
1996-1999 immigrants with others | - | 7% | 7% | 36% | 9% |
1996-1999 immigrants only | 6% | 10% | 11% | 12% | 10% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
Transfer payments to households without seniors generally reflect benefits of Employment Insurance, Workers Compensation, social assistance, student assistance or other programs. Included in these transfer payments are tax credits such as the Canada Child Benefit, GST tax credits and provincial tax credits. The somewhat greater incidence and amounts of transfer payments for recent immigrant households of persons 25 to 64 years old in relation to earlier immigrants and the Canadian-born may have to do with the larger average number of children in families and with differences in labour market participation and unemployment reviewed in Part D.
Almost all households with persons 65 years of age and over received transfer payments from government: Old Age Security, the Guaranteed Income Supplement, or Canada or Quebec Pension Plan benefits. Recent immigrant households of seniors on average received nearly the same amount, but households consisting only of immigrants who landed very recently received much less. These immigrants are not entitled to Old Age Security and have not built up large credits under the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan.
The distribution of income
Personal income reaches parity and similar distribution with longer stay
Of very recent immigrants, nearly five in ten women and three in ten men reported no income or income of less than $10,000 in the year 2000. The share reporting no income is lower for persons who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period, and the share of persons without income is even lower for earlier immigrants, who also report income below $10,000 in much smaller proportions than recent immigrants.
At the high end of the income scale, recent immigrants and especially very recent immigrants are underrepresented. The proportion of $50,000 and over is less than half as large among immigrants who landed during the periods of 1986-1995 and 1996-1999 as among the Canadian-born.
The income distribution of very recent immigrants was more favourable in 2000 than in 1995. The incomes of earlier immigrants are distributed more or less like those of the Canadian-born, with a smaller share having no income or income of less than $10,000 and a higher concentration in the lower middle range of $10,000 to $30,000.
Without income |
$1 to $9,999 |
$10,000 to $29,999 | $30,000 to $49,999 | $50,000 and over | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | ||||||
Canadian-born | 8,940 | 54,670 | 97,640 | 41,800 | 18,200 | 221,220 |
Immigrants | 1,570 | 11,760 | 28,210 | 8,060 | 2,850 | 52,420 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 780 | 6,760 | 20,110 | 6,370 | 2,430 | 36,410 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 550 | 3,620 | 6,460 | 1,400 | 350 | 12,380 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 250 | 1,380 | 1,650 | 300 | 80 | 3,640 |
Men | ||||||
Canadian-born | 6,240 | 35,240 | 65,260 | 55,610 | 42,390 | 204,730 |
Immigrants | 700 | 6,370 | 20,010 | 13,640 | 7,880 | 48,580 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 60 | 3,030 | 13,430 | 10,150 | 6,610 | 33,280 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 440 | 2,540 | 4,960 | 2,920 | 1,030 | 11,880 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 210 | 810 | 1,620 | 570 | 240 | 3,430 |
Total | ||||||
Canadian-born | 15,170 | 89,900 | 162,900 | 97,400 | 60,600 | 425,950 |
Immigrants | 2,260 | 18,120 | 48,220 | 21,680 | 10,720 | 101,000 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 830 | 9,780 | 33,540 | 16,500 | 9,030 | 69,680 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 990 | 6,150 | 11,420 | 4,320 | 1,370 | 24,250 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 450 | 2,190 | 3,260 | 860 | 320 | 7,070 |
Without income |
$1 to $9,999 |
$10,000 to $29,999 | $30,000 to $49,999 | $50,000 and over | Total | Average income | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | |||||||
Canadian-born | 4% | 25% | 44% | 19% | 8% | 100% | $22,270 |
Immigrants | 3% | 22% | 54% | 15% | 5% | 100% | $20,410 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 2% | 19% | 55% | 17% | 7% | 100% | $22,170 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 4% | 29% | 52% | 11% | 3% | 100% | $17,140 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 7% | 38% | 45% | 8% | 2% | 100% | $13,820 |
Men | |||||||
Canadian-born | 3% | 17% | 32% | 27% | 21% | 100% | $34,200 |
Immigrants | 1% | 13% | 41% | 28% | 16% | 100% | $33,360 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 9% | 40% | 31% | 20% | 100% | $37,190 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 4% | 21% | 42% | 25% | 9% | 100% | $25,490 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 6% | 23% | 47% | 17% | 7% | 100% | $23,470 |
Total | |||||||
Canadian-born | 4% | 21% | 38% | 23% | 14% | 100% | $28,000 |
Immigrants | 2% | 18% | 48% | 21% | 11% | 100% | $26,640 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 1% | 14% | 48% | 24% | 13% | 100% | $29,340 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 4% | 25% | 47% | 18% | 6% | 100% | $21,230 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 6% | 31% | 46% | 12% | 5% | 100% | $18,520 |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
Average household income somewhat higher
In 2000, recent immigrant households had an average income of $54,600, somewhat more than the average income of Canadian-born households. The income of households consisting only of very recent immigrants was three-quarters of the income of households of the Canadian-born.
Households | $0 to $19,999 | $20,000 to $39,999 | $40,000 to $59,999 | $60,000 to $79,999 | $80,000 and over | Total | Average income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canadian-born | 42,570 | 50,300 | 42,570 | 30,470 | 39,220 | 205,120 | $53,470 |
21% | 25% | 21% | 15% | 19% | 100% | ||
Earlier immigrants | 7,700 | 10,990 | 9,520 | 7,280 | 10,340 | 45,820 | $58,820 |
17% | 24% | 21% | 16% | 23% | 100% | ||
Recent immigrants | 2,590 | 3,920 | 4,060 | 2,760 | 2,660 | 15,980 | $54,640 |
19% | 24% | 24% | 17% | 16% | 100% | ||
1986-1995 immigrants | 1,890 | 2,730 | 2,980 | 2,200 | 2,150 | 11,960 | $56,340 |
16% | 23% | 25% | 18% | 18% | 100% | ||
1996-1999 immigrants with others |
170 | 580 | 600 | 380 | 390 | 2,100 | $57,380 |
11% | 24% | 28% | 18% | 18% | 100% | ||
1996-1999 immigrants only |
530 | 610 | 480 | 190 | 130 | 1,920 | $41,070 |
40% | 28% | 19% | 8% | 5% | 100% | ||
All households | 54,250 | 65,840 | 56,640 | 40,780 | 52,480 | 269,990 | $54,230 |
20% | 24% | 21% | 15% | 19% | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. The total “All households” includes households of non-permanent residents not shown in the table. For definitions of household and related concepts, see the Glossary.
The income distribution of recent immigrant households is more compact than that of the households of the Canadian-born, with a larger share of households in the middle ranges.
One in four very recent immigrants has low income
Recent immigrants are more likely than earlier immigrants and the Canadian-born to live in families with incomes that fall below the overall median or, if they do not live in families, to have income below the median for unattached individuals. They are also more likely to live in families with incomes that fall below one-half of the median income—that is, to have low income. The percentage of immigrants with income in the bottom half or quarter of the income distribution declines in relation to their length of stay in Canada of the cohort.
The income situation of very recent immigrants was somewhat better in 2000 than five years earlier. Sixty-nine percent of incomes of very recent immigrants were below the median income, compared to 73% in 1995, and 25% were below one-half of the median income, compared to 31% in 1995. Similar improvement occurred among immigrants who landed five to fifteen years before the census, while earlier immigrants and the Canadian-born experienced little change.
Figure E-1: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—percentage with family or individual income below the median and below one-half of the median, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2000
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all figures in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. For a definition of median income and details about the calculations, see the Glossary.
Under 15 years | 15 to 24 years | 25 to 64 years | 65 years and over | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 30,320 | 19,740 | 59,430 | 23,160 | 132,650 |
Immigrants | 1,230 | 1,970 | 16,890 | 8,850 | 28,930 |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 310 | 10,030 | 8,290 | 18,620 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 570 | 1,190 | 5,000 | 440 | 7,210 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 660 | 470 | 1,860 | 120 | 3,100 |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 32,670 | 15,800 | 51,000 | 15,230 | 114,710 |
Immigrants | 1,240 | 2,280 | 14,050 | 6,780 | 24,360 |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 400 | 8,240 | 6,400 | 15,030 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 570 | 1,290 | 4,230 | 310 | 6,420 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 670 | 600 | 1,580 | 70 | 2,920 |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 62,980 | 35,530 | 110,430 | 38,390 | 247,360 |
Immigrants | 2,470 | 4,240 | 30,930 | 15,620 | 53,280 |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 710 | 18,270 | 14,690 | 33,650 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 1,140 | 2,470 | 9,230 | 750 | 13,620 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 1,330 | 1,070 | 3,440 | 180 | 6,020 |
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 51% | 48% | 41% | 64% | 47% |
Immigrants | 66% | 55% | 48% | 66% | 53% |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 48% | 43% | 68% | 51% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 55% | 54% | 55% | 44% | 54% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 78% | 63% | 69% | 62% | 69% |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 52% | 39% | 37% | 61% | 43% |
Immigrants | 66% | 54% | 42% | 66% | 48% |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 44% | 36% | 67% | 45% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 56% | 52% | 49% | 49% | 50% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 76% | 73% | 64% | 45% | 68% |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 51% | 44% | 39% | 63% | 45% |
Immigrants | 66% | 54% | 45% | 66% | 51% |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 45% | 40% | 68% | 48% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 56% | 53% | 52% | 46% | 52% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 77% | 68% | 67% | 55% | 69% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. For a definition of median income and details about the calculations, see the Glossary.
The proportion of people with income below the median varies with age. For the Canadian-born and earlier immigrants, the highest proportions are found among seniors. But this is not so for very recent immigrants, among whom incomes below the median are more common at younger ages. Persons who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period occupy a middle ground.
In all age and gender groups except women and men 65 years of age and over, the proportion of persons with income below the overall median is higher among very recent immigrants and those who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period, than among the Canadian-born.
Under 15 years | 15 to 24 years | 25 to 64 years | 65 years and over | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 11,370 | 8,750 | 20,350 | 3,780 | 44,250 |
Immigrants | 470 | 730 | 5,000 | 1,950 | 8,140 |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 100 | 2,790 | 1,770 | 4,670 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 200 | 450 | 1,560 | 110 | 2,310 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 280 | 190 | 650 | 70 | 1,170 |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 11,940 | 5,820 | 15,290 | 3,670 | 36,720 |
Immigrants | 530 | 860 | 3,670 | 2,040 | 7,100 |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 120 | 2,160 | 1,920 | 4,190 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 250 | 530 | 1,030 | 80 | 1,910 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 280 | 210 | 480 | 40 | 1,000 |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 23,310 | 14,570 | 35,640 | 7,450 | 80,970 |
Immigrants | 1,000 | 1,590 | 8,670 | 3,980 | 15,240 |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 220 | 4,950 | 3,690 | 8,850 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 450 | 980 | 2,590 | 190 | 4,220 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 560 | 400 | 1,130 | 110 | 2,170 |
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 19% | 21% | 14% | 10% | 16% |
Immigrants | 25% | 20% | 14% | 15% | 15% |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 15% | 12% | 15% | 13% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 19% | 20% | 17% | 11% | 17% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 32% | 25% | 24% | 38% | 26% |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 19% | 15% | 11% | 15% | 14% |
Immigrants | 28% | 20% | 11% | 20% | 14% |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 13% | 10% | 20% | 13% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 25% | 21% | 12% | 13% | 15% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 32% | 26% | 19% | 24% | 23% |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 19% | 18% | 13% | 12% | 15% |
Immigrants | 27% | 20% | 13% | 17% | 15% |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 14% | 11% | 17% | 13% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 22% | 21% | 15% | 11% | 16% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 32% | 25% | 22% | 32% | 25% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. For a definition of median income and details about the calculations, see the Glossary.
One in four very recent immigrants has low income or lives in a family with low income—that is, income below one-half of the median. Among other immigrant cohorts and the Canadian-born, the incidence of low income is about 15%. A difference between very recent immigrants and the Canadian-born in the incidence of low income is present among men and women of all ages.
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